Reusability of Code Essay

Designing a code can often take a lot of time, depending on the complexity of the coding. This is why code reusability has become a standard when it comes to computer programming. But to understand why you would reuse code, you need to understand what goes into creating code. This essay will compare and contrast procedural programming modules and objects. Also, it discuss the security terms in hiding code, passing of data versus data encapsulation, code reuse in more than one program, and how object-oriented methods are similar to procedural modules. According to Gaddis (2010) there are two methods of programming that are primarily used: Object-oriented and Procedural. Procedural programming is more focused on creating procedures; object-oriented programming is focused on creating objects. When dealing with procedures, the data items are separate from the procedures. Gaddis (2010) says this can cause problems, but at the same time it will help the program become larger and more complex. But where procedural programming separates code and data, object-oriented programming handles it through encapsulation and data hiding. Encapsulation takes an object and combines data and code into it. Data hiding makes it possible to hide code in the inside of an object from the code outside of the object. An object normally hides its data, but leaves the methods available for access. Gaddis (2010) states, â€Å"When an object’s internal data is hidden from outside code and access to that data is restricted to the object’s methods, the data is protected from accidental corruption.† There is also no reason to worry about formatting of the code inside the object, just the methods of the object. If you want to reuse codes, the best way to do it is to create modules. They let you duplicate code in a program so that you can execute whenever you  need the service. The Microsoft website (What Is Reusable Code?, 2013) says that code reusability can be used if the code doesn’t have to modified, and can perform a specific service regardless of what the application uses it. It just can be too complex of a code. Just as we use standards in everyday life, there are standard code that is used with computer programs. Venit and Drake say (2011) that inheritance goes along with code reusability. Inheritance takes the methods and attributes from old classes and uses them in new ones. In conclusion, there are different aspects between object-oriented programming and procedural programming. These two methods have different ways of functioning within a program. And as long as a code isn’t to complex, code reuse is very possible. References Gaddis, T. (2010). Starting Out with Programming Logic & Design (Second Edition ed.). Addison-Wesley. Microsoft. (2013). What Is Reusable Code? Retrieved from msdn.microsoft.com: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/aa189112(v=office.10).aspx Venit, S., & Drake, E. (2011). Prelude Programming Concepts and Design (Fifth Edition ed.). Addison-Wesley.

How effectively did the workhouse deal with the needs of the poor? Essay

The phrase ‘needs of the poor’ means the condition of the poverty and what is needed in order to survive. The poor themselves and the ratepayers would see the ‘needs’ different. The ratepayers would think basic survival was enough, whereas the poor would think more was needed – their families should stay together, shelter, food and clothing etc should be good and sufficient. What they were already used to before included; begging, low wages, child labour, no education etc. The Southwell workhouse compared to others, in particular the Andover workhouse, was much better – fairer and less harsh. For examples, on Sundays the families were allowed to visit, and treats were given to the children on special occasions such as Christmas. The Andover workhouse was far less humane then Southwell, what was to become known as ‘The Andover Scandal’ was where the inmates were that badly mistreated and starved, they resorted to picking the meat of carcasses and sucking the marrow out of bones. Southwell workhouse did and did not provide certain things for the poor. One thing it did provide was shelter. Allowing them food, a place to sleep/live and clothes, provided this. Although the families were split up, the food always the same – boring and plain (gruel, cabbage etc), no individuality, por washing facilities and humiliation, it was a much alternative to outside. Some groups of the poor were looked after differently and sometimes better – this was mainly the sick, the elderly and the children. They were given certain treatment that the other groups would never receive. They would have had a better life inside the workhouse. However, a lot of people thought the workhouses discouraged laziness. Even though the jobs were meaningless and didn’t teach useful skills it made the inmates learn the routine of work and gave them a strict daily routine. Southwell workhouse also kept the poor off the streets, out of sight and it reduced the cost of the poor rate, which was all good for ratepayers and the upperclasses. Like all workhouses though, the poor suffered with the stigma of being branded a pauper and everyone knowing it. It was very humiliating. One thing the workhouse did provide was education for the children. However, the education was very basic and didn’t really help the majority of children to learn the skills, which would help them to make the change back into society. The children outside the workhouse at this time did not usually have any education though. The idea of a good workhouse is an empty workhouse was often seen to be more important than offering the chance to return back to normality. The workhouse was effective for the ratepayers and it was well organised. It sent out the right message to the poor and helped them realise finding work is better then laziness. However, the poor may have disagreed because of their treatment. It didn’t tackle the cause of poverty.

Pharmacokinetics of the seroteninergic anorectic agent, Essay

Pharmacokinetics of the seroteninergic anorectic agent, dexfenfluramine - Essay Example Serotoninergic anorectic agent, dexfenfluramine acts to increase the serotonin level in extracellular space of the brain causing reduced appetite. This effect promotes its use in obesity treatments. Its ability to, dissolve in lipids provide easier transportation across blood brain barrier. Scientists developed dexfenfluramine, dextrorotary stereoisomer of fenfluramine to reduce the side effect of fenfluramine, developed in 1960s and marketed as pondimin. Approval of dexfenfluramine by FDA took place in 1976 but its introduction to market took place later in 1995 by Wyeth since fenfluramine had shown to cause hypertension in some people using it to fight obesity. Later withdrawal on September 15, 1997 from US market was due to side effect associated with heart problems. Dexfenfluramine is a synthetic anti-obesity chemical with molecular weight of 267.7, white crystalline powder, with high solubility saline solution, alcohol and chloroform. Dexfenfluramine has a solubility of 100nm in water. It also acts to decrease the growth hormones such as leptin and insulin but lead to increase in gherlin. Dexfenfluramine is more potent in inhibition of serotonin reuptake than active metabolite nordexfenfluramine. However, it is less potent in acceleration of serotonin release into the synaptic cleft. Administration of dexfenfluramine is mainly through oral, inhalation routes and lesser extent intravenous infusion in compound called dexfenfluramine hydrochloride (C12H16F3N,HCl)1. Oral administration of compound under the name of ‘redux’ was in capsules enclosing white crystalline powder weighing 15mg. The oral route is favoured due to resistance of dexfenfluramine to acidic media in the stomach. In addition, the hydrophobic nature of the drug is favours diffusion through the gastro intestinal walls. In some cases though rare,

STRATEGY, ETHICS, AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Coursework

STRATEGY, ETHICS, AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Coursework Example Besides factual issues, there are conceptual issues for instance the aspect of competition that posed a threat to Peerless Company. There was a need to improve on products as well as come up with strategies that will seek to earn the company a competitive advantage. The management structure is also an issue as people are elected on the basis of friendship rather than on qualifications. This will eventually affect the company as it will discourage investors from putting their investments in Peerless because of the company’s instability. There are some ethical in this case where Ludwig is a dilemma on whether to close down Peerless Company to save the town reputation or make attempts to restore the company. Closing down Peerless will render many jobless as most of them depend on the company for their livelihood. Ludwig knows that closing the Peerless Company may impress certain individual at the expense of people’s jobs and this may lead to increase in crime cases and other vices. The main stakeholders are the customers, the directors as well as the employees of the company. Suppliers of the raw materials are also stakeholders as their actions directly affect the operations of the company. Peerless should realize that their decisions directly affect the lives of the people in their surroundings. For instance closing down Peerless will render the town poor and its citizens jobless. Ludwig and his team need to understand that they have an obligation to ensure that they improve the lives of Blair’s citizens. They should understand the needs of people and make decisions that benefit their town. The management should also be enhanced to ensure that only people who are employed are suitable for jobs and that quality is maintained by all means. Peerless should also communicate to its key stakeholders on changes that are likely to take place and on decisions on the way forward. Baxteris right to some extend by saying that it would be selfish for Ludwig

Empirical Finance Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Empirical Finance Coursework - Essay Example These risks emerge due to the uncertainties associated with the future. Therefore, investment basically is a risk-inclusive undertaking, and individuals’ levels of risk taking vary depending on investment instruments and the expected returns. Successful investments must take into account relevant strategies that should aid the realization of the investment objectives. A number of investment strategies in the UK investable universe are evaluated and assessed for their performance: Small Cap vs. Large Cap Portfolios Volatility of returns is the principle determinant of whether a portfolio is a small cap or a large cap. The size of a company is determined by its market capitalization, a situation that further defines that company’s market cap. A small cap portfolio is defined by a market capitalization that is between 300 million and 2 billion. An amount less than this will enter the portfolio into a lesser marker cap, normally referred to as the micro-cap. Small cap portf olio is characterized by high volatility in the market, and the price of the stock keeps fluctuations due to the underlying market uncertainties. Large cap portfolios on the other hand are the direct opposite of small cap portfolios. Large cap portfolios are less volatile in the market, and the prices of these stocks are therefore relatively constant over time (Fama and French, 2011, p.46). Investors that prefer less volatile portfolio often opt for the large cap portfolios. However, this does not rule out risk prevalence in investment. Large cap portfolios are characterized by market capitalization of about 10 billion and above. This kind of portfolio experiences hardships in in and out trade activities. As a result, price swings are minimized, leading to the realization of consistency in its price. Value vs. Growth Portfolios Investors have different motives for investment. While some opt to invest in value stocks, others prefer growth stocks. These stocks share some common charac teristics, but their distinguishing features outline the outstanding difference between the two stocks. The valuing of stocks is done with regard to market trends, incorporating risks and benefits to the value of the stocks. Investors prefer undervalued stocks, so that once the prices of the stocks changes, they are in a position to reap huge investment returns. Value stocks are depict the flowing features: less than 10 % price earnings ratio, less than 1 price to earnings growth, current assets that are twice the current liabilities, matching debt and equity and share prices that are at par with the tangible book value or even less (Fama and French, 2011, p.53). Growth stocks are defined by their outstanding feature of expansion and ability to generate more and more returns with time. They are referred to as growth stocks because they have the ability to diversify the underlying portfolio. Growth stocks are characterized by a growth rate that is strong and reliable. This is to say that the portfolio remains vibrant and beneficial over a long period of time. It is important to account for the fact that different companies grow at different speeds and rates, and it essential that an investor be accommodative in regard to growth portfolios. Equity returns are also strong with growth stocks. Company-industry comparison is used to determine the strength of the stock returns. Growth stocks are characterized by per share earnings that surpass the industry’

Research Topics with Explanation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Topics with Explanation - Research Paper Example For example, the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (2006) has been criticized severally for its notable inadequacies (Enniss,2008). Thus, there is a need to change some child welfare regulations. The selection of this topic is informed by the fact that human rights violations have continued to intensify in different parts of the world. It is agonizing to find that such violations have been occurring under the watch of the major world powers, who have turned a blind eye on such happenings, owing to the close and political-economic benefits that such powers obtain from their trade relations with the countries violating the human rights. A report has indicated that in 1999, the world gun market was worth $23 billion, of which $20 billion worth of guns were sold by the world major powers such as USA, France, Germany and Britain to the third world countries, which are involved in conflicts and human rights violations (Yanik, 2004). Therefore, this topic is important for addressing such social ills, and charting the forward towards a sustainable human rights respecting society. The targeted audience of this topic is the USA government, which should address the issue of trade with the human rights violating countries. The USA should severe trade relations with countries that have poor records on human rights. This topic has been selected owing to the raging debate over whether minors should be treated the same as adults in major crime cases where such minors are involved. There have been arguments that treating such minors as adults in such cases has the implication of increasing the rates of such serious crimes in the future (Bower, 2007). Further, the treatment of such minors as adults has the effect of undermining the rehabilitative needs of the minors and upholding the condemnation aspect. This discussion targets the

Revitalization & Tradition and Continuity & Perseverance and Essay

Revitalization & Tradition and Continuity & Perseverance and Transmutation - Essay Example Most religion see rebirth as a full membership to the religion. Rebirth can be done in so many ways; the first way is through initiation. When one undergoes some traditional methods of initiation he is considered to be mature and so moves from being a junior member of the religion to a senior member of the religion. By so doing the person is seen to have crossed the line from childhood to maturity and can do a lot of things including marriage. Some religions also baptize their members through fire and some through water and others through different methods. When this is done then the new member is now considered to be reborn and to have changed from the old self to the new self (OlupoÃŒ £na, 1991). A lot of traditions are still practiced by the modern African religions. Traditional activities such as circumcision that used to be done as an initiation process in the past are today done by the modern African religious sects as a religious activity and not as a traditional activity. Other activities such as worshiping objects have been turned into a religious practice whereas the same activities were done in the past as a cultural activity. Many activities that were done in the past as cultural activities have been replaced as religious activities. This shows that the African religion is in a way trying to preserve the traditional African culture by making them look as if the activities are religious. This is mainly done to make people to accept the culture and not consider the activities to be primitive as is always the case with most traditional African cultures (OlupoÃŒ £na, 1991). In most African traditional myths, death and suffering is as a result of sin that was caused by human disobedience. To them suffering is for all men and will only stop to the good people, the people who do good while they are still alive. When these people die they will be transformed into other people who will suffer no more. However to all those

Case study about print culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study about print culture - Essay Example Among the things connected to the print media are; history of the book, its production, circulation and consumption, and the role of the publishers, editors and the authors in coming up with the complete and finished end product. The medium theory is a contemporary means of classifying the role of the media in an examinable mode to come up with how it impacts on the human communication and also how the human expression is captured in a bid to emphasize on the role of the media in our life and its significance (David 2005, p.12). In the recent past, it has been found that most emphasis has been laid on the content and not the medium of the communication itself. It is of importance to look at the role of the medium through which communication will reach the people and also come up with the way in which it is going to change the world’s social and cultural values. In our case, the book â€Å"Stone’s Fall† by Lain Pears is a good one in which we can observe the main theme and aim of the publisher and the author and the intention of the entire work. Darnton entails clearly the use of print as a means of communication to reach to the population and also come up with the best way in which they can understand the media best. It entails the origin of the print media since the 15th century and brings on board the concept of research in a bid to come up with a general and common way of viewing the print industry. According to the founders of the medium theory, the suggestions are that the media is the message and the channel in which communication was transmitted. The medium theory however, does not comprehensively allow people to acknowledge what the message conveys or how the information is received. It tackles mostly the concept of the media richness and also the characteristics of the medium itself. Mcluhan (1967) stressed on how channels differ and how they awaken and alter the thoughts and the

Oncrete history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Oncrete history - Essay Example It is in the form of dark, and porous nodules that are ground using a small amount of gypsum giving cement. Concrete; this is a hard, compact material used for building, and is formed by a mixture of gravel, cement, water, and sand when they undergo hydration. Cure; this is the act of keeping concrete moist on the initial hardening. Deformation; changing the dimensions of structures using a force. Dormancy period; the period that concrete retains it workability. Elasticity; The capability of materials to retain the original shape after getting stretched. Forms; are the holders where concrete is placed during hardening. Hydration; reaction of water with cement to form a cement paste. Mortar; is a Cement paste that has been mixed with sand. Pozzuoli cement; is a Volcanic rock powdered, used for making hydraulic cement. Portland cement; this is a cement consisting mainly of calcium silicates react with water forming a hard mass. Workability; this is how easily fresh concrete can be plac ed and consolidated in forms. 3.0 Text. 3.0. Introduction to Concrete. Concrete, can be defined as a composite material used in construction composed mainly of aggregate, water, and cement. It has several formulations, which give properties that tend to vary. This aggregate consists crushed rocks or coarse gravel like granite or limestone this is mixed with other fine aggregate like sand. Cement, usually the Portland cement, and Cementitious materials like slag cement and fly ash are used as a binder in the aggregate. Many chemical admixtures may also be included in order to come up with these varied properties. Liquid normally water is added and mixed with this dry composite, this enables the concrete to be poured (shaped) before solidified...Cement, usually the Portland cement, and Cementitious materials like slag cement and fly ash are used as a binder in the aggregate. Many chemical admixtures may also be included in order to come up with these varied properties. Liquid normally water is added and mixed with this dry composite, this enables the concrete to be poured (shaped) before solidified and hardened to come up with a rock-hard strength through a process known as hydration. The liquid applied reacts with the cement, forming a bond with other components, finally forming a tough stone-like material. It has a comparatively high compressive strength, nevertheless much lesser tensile strength. It is against this that it is reinforced using other materials which are very strong in tension like steel. Processes that can damage the concrete include freezing of the trapped water. It is widely used in walls, pavements, brick/ block, foundation, bridges/ overpasses, footings for gates, and even boats. Some of the most famous concrete buildings or structures are like the Burj Khalifa (world's tallest building), the Panama Canal, the Hoover Dam, and the famous Roman Pantheon.

To what extent does a mature and cyclical product market drive Essay

To what extent does a mature and cyclical product market drive corporate restructuring - Essay Example Does maturity necessarily lead to deterioration of market? This question can be answered using the concept of cyclicality. Economics in Business Context (Haslam et al. 2002, p.92) further defines cyclical markets as â€Å"generally mature markets in which volume fluctuates at or around steady pattern of demand†. Depending on the replacement period of the product, the product will be required by the customers every few years, months or weeks. During the period when maximum customers replace the product, the demand for the product will be at its positive peak. This period is followed by a period of low sales. Thus, fluctuation in the demand for a mature product makes it cyclical. Some products have longer replacement periods than the others, making them cyclical. For example, a refrigerator may be replaced after every ten years but cold drinks manufactured by Coco Cola or Pepsi are bought by billions of people every day. Therefore, refrigerators may be termed as mature and cyclical. Coco Cola and Pepsi have reached maturity but they are not cyclical. Let me illustrate with the help of a hypothetical example. Consider a product XYZ. Say, I had introduced XYZ in the market in 1990. The replacement period of this product was five years. Using excellent marketing strategy, XYZ had gained popularity amongst the customers by 1991. But, I had not yet sold XYZ to maximum number of targeted customers. I had to maximize my sales as well as confront a new problem; a competitor introduced a similar product called ABC in the market in the year 1992. After a research on XYZ, I realized that the product could be manufactured in a better way, leading to an increase its durability. The replacement period after increase in durability became 8 years. Increase in the durability of XYZ attracted more number of customers. Because it was a very popular product, XYZ reached maturity by 1995. It was sold to maximum number of customers. If I had not

Gender Issues In Education, Sports And Employment Essay Example for Free

Gender Issues In Education, Sports And Employment Essay Gender is the cultural construct attached to the fact of biological sex. The construct of gender has come to carry significant meaning with regard to the valuing of people or behaviors according to gender qualifications. There is much evidence that suggest that gendered inequality is the product of female oppression in a world dominated by global male hegemony within and across institutions including family, school, politics, and the labor market. Gender inequality is generally manifested in unequal rights for women of access to basic social services such as education; unequal rights for equal work in the employment sector, and unequal opportunities in sports. This paper is a brief discussion of the specific problems commonly identified within the issue of gender inequality in the mentioned areas, along with a number of potential solutions to ease, if not to totally eradicate the said inequities. Gender Issues in Education The literature on women’s and girls’ education frequently focuses o gendered inequalities in educational opportunities, educational attainment, and status of women in social, political and economic arenas both within and across nations. This problem may seem relatively straightforward, but gendered educational inequity is a complex phenomenon. Women’s education is strongly contextualized by the social and cultural environment of the local schools and national educational systems. Schools are the locus for much of the progress that is being made towards a culture of equality, although there is still much more to be done in order for gender equality to be a consistent characteristic of educational systems around the world (Valian, 2004). A solution seen for this is to institutionalize gender equity standards as components of school policy and structure, which will make it more likely that gendered inequalities will be both observed and identified as inequity. In this way, a heightened sense of awareness in gendered educational inequality could work on behalf of women. Gender Issues in Sports Gender differentiation has also been powerfully constructed through sports and the culture of sports. Moreover, Scraton and Flintoff (2002) asserted that organized sport has been a powerful cultural arena for reinforcing the ideology and actuality of male superiority and dominance; its traditions, symbols, and values have tended to preserve patriarchy and women’s subordinate position in society. Sport was an activity that serves two purposes for men: it meets their recreational needs, and it is a perfect antidote for their anxieties about effeminacy. Sport thus became a popular means for men to reaffirm their masculinity, and hence, a powerful tool for maintaining patriarchal gender relations. These social conditions made being both a woman and an athlete an anomaly in life. Female athletes did not suit society’s ideal of femininity, and those who persisted in sport suffers various aversive sanctions, especially derogation and public ridicule. A solution seen about this issue is for sports organizations to be prepared to analyze critically the ways they operate, the ways they make policy, and the ways in which national and international policy processes influence or are influenced by these sites of power. Gender Issues in Employment Gender inequality in employment begins with the gender labeling of workers. Gender categorization in workplace primes workers and employers alike to infuse stereotypic assumptions about gender into the institutional scripts by which a job is enacted and represented to others (Blakemore and Griggs, 2007). Employers often begin the process by implicitly or explicitly seeking workers of a particular gender on the basis of assumptions about labor costs that are themselves suffused by the effect of gender status beliefs. On the occasions that they hire a woman for a certain position, the pay is lower compared to a man employed in the exact same position. As a further result, women are inclined to be concentrated in casual occupations, where salary and work environment are poorer than in formal and public positions. The understanding of how to work towards gender equality is that people need to change inequitable social systems and institutions. Generally, institutional change is the requirement for addressing the root causes of gender inequality. It means changing organizations which, in their programs, policies, structures, and ways of working, discriminate against women. Organizations should work on legal and policy change, or change material conditions. In order to bring about gender equality in employment, change must occur at the personal level and at the social level. It must occur in formal and informal relations. References Scraton, S. Flintoff, A. (2002). Gender and Sport: A Reader. New York: Routledge. Blakemore, K. Griggs, E. (2007). Social Policy: An Introduction. New York: Open University Press. Valian, V. (2004). Beyond Gender Schemas: Improving the Advancement of Women in Academia. NWSA Journal, 16 (1): 207-220.

Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay

Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay This essay will firstly define what discrimination is and what it means to discriminate. Examples will be used to demonstrate what discrimination may look like. A definition of empowerment will also be used. The essay will then critically explore theory and ideas around power and how power manifests between groups. This part of the essay will touch on the idea of othering. The essay will move on to focus on mental health, race and racism. The essay will use the idea that mental illness is a social construct and look at how mental illness can be open to influences of racism from society (Bailey 2004). The essay will make links to institutional racism in mental health and psychiatry. In a basic sense to discriminate means to: differentiate or to recognise a distinction (Oxford Dictionaries 2012). In this basic sense it is a part of daily life to discriminate. For example, a baby will often discriminate between a stranger and their caregiver. Discrimination becomes a problem when the difference or recognised distinction is used for the basis of unfair treatment or exclusion (Thompson 2012). Anti-discriminatory practice in social work concerns itself with discrimination that has negative outcomes; whether this is negative discrimination or positive discrimination. Both are equally as damaging. Thompson (1998) defines discrimination as a process where individuals are divided into particular social groups with an uneven distribution of power, resources, opportunities and even rights. Discrimination is not always intentional (Thompson 2009) and there are various types of discrimination (EHRC 2012). Discrimination can be direct, indirect, based on perception or on association (EHRC 2012). The Equality Act 2010 is legislation that protects individuals and groups against discrimination. The Equality Act 2010 brought together several pieces of legislation to protect several protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. Discrimination does not just occur on a personal level, according to Thompson (2012), discrimination occurs on three levels; personal, cultural and structure. This will be explored more later on. Empowerment is a term that often comes in to play when examining discrimination; therefore it is important to have an understanding of both. Empowerment is the capacity of individuals or groups to take control of their circumstance and use their power to help themselves and others to maximise the quality of their lives (Adams 2008: xvi). Empowerment is then not an absence of discrimination and power but an individuals capacity to own or share that power and take control. Therefore empowerment is an anti-oppressive practice not an anti-discriminatory one. They are linked but not the same. Social workers act as mediators between service users and the state. Social workers are in a role that can potentially empower or oppress (Thompson 1997). For this reason Thompson (1997: 11) argues that good practice must be anti-discriminatory practice, no matter how high the standards of practice are in other respects (Thompson 2012). Thompson (1997) reminds the reader many times throughout his book that If youre not part of the solution you are part of the problem. I choose to include this because it reinforces that social workers need to challenge discrimination and take action against it. Discrimination is political, sociological and psychological (Thompson 2012). To accept and tolerate it and to not to challenge it does indeed make social workers part of the problem. Discrimination has links with power which the essay will move on to explain next. As defined by the Oxford Dictionary (2012) power is the ability or capacity to do something; the capacity or ability to act in a particular way to direct or influence the behaviour of others or the course of events; or physical strength or force exerted by someone. From this definition power could be seen as a coercive force or authoritarian. However, some theorists would argue that there is more to power than just coercion and authority. Parsons (1969 cited Rogers 2008) took a different view on power. He saw power as a way of maintaining social order instead of a force for individual gain (Rogers 2008). Parsons (1969 cited Rogers 2008) believed that to be able to enforce coercive action and justify it, there needs to be a collective interest from the social system as a whole (Rogers 2008). Lukes (1974) would disagree with Parsons definition on power. Lukes argues that power is less abstract (Rogers 2008) and that exercising power is the decision to exert control. Lukes (1974:74) illustrates this point as: A exercises power over B when A effects B in a manner contrary to Bs interests. Dominelli (2008) focuses more on the idea of competing power; which group has more power than the other. This splits people to either be in the dominant group or the minority. A dominant group tends to be deemed superior, and with superiority comes privilege (Dominelli 2008). As a result the other group is deemed inferior, the minority and disadvantaged. It is this compound of dominance and oppression that discrimination derives from (Rogers 2008). It is a groups perceived superiorly over another group (Thompson 2012) that justifies coercive action, control and discrimination. When people form oppressive relationships the tendency is to make a strategic decision that excludes a particular group or individuals from accessing power and resources (Dominelli 2002). Othering can be experienced as multiple; multiple oppression. People can be othered simultaneously due to a number of social divisions (Domenelli 2002), for example, being a black woman who experiences mental health issues. Social workers need to recognise power and its links to discrimination. Not to could further oppress (Thompson 2012). It can feel uncomfortable to be in the privileged position; whether this is as a white person or a man and so on. The privileged group need to engage in the fight for equality (Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012). White people need to engage with the fight against racism and accept responsibility for racism as it is a problem of white society and therefore involves white people (Strawbridge cited Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012). This explanation can be applied to any other groups that are considered to be the other. Rogers and Pilgrim (2006: 15) suggest that superiority is a social construction: a product of human activity. Dominelli (2002) goes further to say that oppression itself is a social construct as oppressive relations are not pre-determined but they are reproduced between social interactions and routines. Language is often used as a key part of social interaction and is also a very powerful tool. This relates heavily to social work as social workers are responsible for writing reports/care plans/assessments. Depending on how social workers word written pieces of work can indeed paint a very different picture of the service user they are working with. I was once told that words are the bullets of prejudice, this illustrates that labels and language can be powerful, damaging, potentially discriminatory and oppressive. Although labels can be damaging they are a part of social interaction. Labels help us to construct our social world and we use them to find similarities and differences to process the world around us (Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007). Although the process of labelling is fundamental to human behaviour and interaction (Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007:19) social workers need to be aware of when these labels have the potential to be damaging, oppressive and rein forcers of discrimination. Social workers need to reflect and consider what labels they give people and what impacts this may have. Labels can be used to change or sustain power relations which can have an impact on prejudice and on achieving equality (Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007). This essay will use the themes discussed so far to focus in on mental health as an area of practice and critically explore institutionalised racism within mental health practice and psychiatry. To begin I will briefly return to Thompsons (2012) PCS analysis in relation to mental health and race. The P level is our own individual attitudes and feelings (Thompson 2012). Although it is important to examine our own beliefs we do not live in a moral and political vacuum (Coppock and Dunn 2010: 8). For this reason Thompson (2012) also refers to the cultural (C) and structural (S). P is embedded in C and C and P in S which builds up interlocking layers of discrimination; personal, cultural and structural. The C level is where we learn our norms and values. Individuals learn these values and norms through the process of socialisation which occurs through social institutions such as the family, religion and the media (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). These institutions can produce ideas about what is considered normal or right (Coppock and Dunn 2010). From this it is not surprising that there is an attitude in society that people who experience mental health issues are violent and a danger to society; even though there is no relationship between mental health and violence (Rogers and Pilgrim 2006). However, the general media uses terms like psycho (Ward 2012) or crazed gunman (Perrie 2011) in relation to acts of violence creates prejudice. This prejudice can then be used to discriminate. For example, a community may not want a mental home to open near them as the mental people will cause a threat to their community. The S level is the level of institutional oppression and discrimination. Ideas that Thompson (2012: 34) refers to as being sewn in to the fabric of society. Western psychiatry is laden with cultural values and assumptions that are based on western culture (Coppock and Dunn 2010). This suggests that western and white is normality and anything that deviates from this is abnormal (Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012), or as previously discussed; other. It is the C and S level which the essay will focus on more. Institutional racism explains how institutional structures, systems and the process embedded in society and structures that promote racial inequality (Jones 1997). It is considered to be the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin (MacPherson 1999). Jones (cited Marlow and Loveday 2000: 30) goes further than this definition to also include laws, customs, and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities. Institutional racism is believed to be a more subtle and covert type of racism (Bhui 2002) and often said to be unintentional (Griffith et al 2007). BME groups are differently represented in psychiatry (Sashidharan 2001). People of African-Caribbean heritage are over represented yet people of Asian heritage underrepresented in mental health settings (Sashidharan 2001). As BME groups deviate from the white norms they appear to receive either too much attention or too little (Sashidharan 2001). This would suggest that the systems which operate within psychiatry are institutionally racist. Both race and mental illness are social constructs (Thompson 1997; Bailey 2004). Thompson (1997) argues that despite the lack in biological evidence for the explanation of racial categories it is still a widely common way of thinking. Bailey (2004) argues that mental illness has always been a social construct therefore open to racism and other forms of discrimination. The declassification of homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) illustrates Baileys (2004) point. Race immediately brings up issues around power and the relationship between what is seen as natural and social (Westwood 2002). Historically it was viewed that inequalities around race had a natural explanation (Westwood 2002). Race could be traced back to anthological tradition (Rogers 2006; Craig et al 2012) and colonial discourse with the belief that white identity is superior (Westwood 2002) and that black people are lacking civilisation, savages and a subhuman species (Bailey 2004: 408-409). According to Bailey (2004: 408) the effects of racism on psychiatry can be directly linked to the early stereotypes about black people arising from pseudoscientific racism. It is this pseudoscience racism (science which lacks scientific method or evidence) that underpins racism in mental health services today (Bailey 2004). Racism has many different sides and is a multidimensional form of oppression and discrimination (Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012; Thompson 2012). Racism is widely known to be the cause of disparities in health and mental health (McKenzie in Bhui 2002; Griffith et al 2007; Craig et al 2012). BME individuals find themselves navigating their way through a system that works from the dominant discourse of the medical model (Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012). This allows a small amount of room for different and alternative frameworks to challenge racism which is already ingrained in the system. To illustrate this point I will use an example from my practice. I work with a black woman who experiences mental health issues. She has spiritual beliefs and usually openly takes about her beliefs at home. She fears one resident as he is very religious and she feels that he has special powers. I supported her to an appointment with her psychiatrist as she had begun to feel mentally unwell. He did not enquire about any social, cultural or structural factors that may impact on her mental health. I tried to advocate the experiences she had shared with me and reiterated what she was saying. However, he advised her that the tugging she experienced in her stomach was physical and to see a doctor and increased her anti-psychotic medication. Her spiritual experiences were not validated, he individualised the cause of her illness and used a medical intervention. Western psychiatry tends to separate the mind from the body and spirit (Bailey 2004). According to Bailey (2004) many BME service users find this approach unhelpful and irrelevant to their experiences of mental distress. This is because for many BME the mind, body and spirit work in union and the feelings and behaviours behind this is woven into peoples wider existence (Bailey 2004). Kortmann (2010) believes that these types of clinical intervention are often ineffective due to service users non-western origin and tend to quit treatments earlier. For example, some African cultures can believe that seizures are cause by evil spirits (Kortmann 2010) and therefore do not take medication prescribed as they do not believe it to be an illness. Westwood (2002) writes that the negative impact of racism can have a significant impact on an individuals mental health. However in a recent piece of research Ayalon and Gum (2011) concluded that black older adults experienced the highest amount of discriminatory events but there was a weaker association with this and experiences of mental health issues. To account for this it was concluded that BME groups experienced more events of discrimination over their life course and as a result have become more resilient to it (Ayalon and Gum 2011). Some writers argue that to construct institutional racism as the explanation to the disparities in mental health can add to the debate and effectively alienate BME groups even further (Singh and Burns 2006). Singh and Burn (2006) state that, the accusation of racism within psychiatry will give service users the expectation that they will receive a poorer service and this will encourage service users to disengage with services or offer voluntary admission. What Singh and Burn (2006) are speculating is presented by Livingstone (2012) as self-stigma; the stigma that is present on an individual level rather than on a cultural or social. It is the stigma that is internalised that can prevent people from access services (Livingstone 2012) and thus, actively discriminating against ones self. Therefore, Singh and Burns (2006) argue that individuals to stay away from needed services until it is too late and there are few alternatives but to detain them and enforce treatment. Although Singh and Burn (2006) make a logical point they fail to recognise BME service user experiences of Mental Health Services. Bowl (2007) conducted a qualitative research to gain the views and experiences of South Asian service users as most literature is through the lens of academics and professionals. The experiences of this South Asian group would certainly suggest the presence of institutional racism within Mental health Services. The main areas identified were their dissatisfaction in not being understood in the assessment process due to language barriers and cultural incompetence (Bowl 2007). This misunderstanding led to misdiagnosis and refusal of services (Bowl 2007). Racism is often not the only form of oppression that people face. Disadvantage can occur from several areas (Marlow and Loveday 2000). BME groups experiencing mental health issues are already subjected to multiple oppression. There is not enough words in this essay to explore this further but wanted to acknowledge that forms of oppression are not experienced in isolation of each other. For example, links have been made between individuals lower socio-economic status and experience of mental health issues and how black people can face the added stress of earning less and experiencing higher levels of unemployment (Chakraborty and McKenzie 2002). This begins to illustrate the complexity and how oppression is inextricably intertwined. Institutional racism has been highlight in a number of Inquiries in practice. It was firstly highlighted in the Stephen Lawrence Report in 1999; a black young person who was murdered in a racist attack and yet again in the David Bennett Inquiry in 2003; a black man who died in 1998 after being restrained faced down by several nurses for nearly half an hour. Lord Laming (2003) also identified issues around racism in his Inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie. There is not enough words to go into any of these inquiries in any detail but they have been included to demonstrate institutional racism in practice in the police, mental health service and social work. It may seem that whilst mental health services operate within the medical model that is catered towards the white majority things will not change. Institutions and systems are indeed difficult to change, however social workers can work with service users to empower, advocate, challenge and expose discrimination in services and bring about social change. Empowerment is complex in general but becomes more complex in relation to race and ethnicity (Thompson 2007). Social workers need to firstly be aware of institutional racism before they are able to challenge it (Thompson 2007). For social workers to challenge institutional racism they need to challenge policies that do not address the needs of BME groups. To do this, social workers need to be aware of the complex power relations and deeply ingrained racist patterns in society (Thompson 2007). In my practice in a mental health setting I have contact with medical professionals and often support services users to appointments. I find that I must hold onto my social work values and not get drawn into the medical model way of working but to remain holistic in my approach. To conclude, this essay has demonstrated that discrimination is far more complex than treating someone differently. It has focused on a more subtle, covert and indirect form of discrimination: institutional racism. The essay has examined the links between discrimination, racism and power and introduced the idea that mental illness and race are both social constructs. It is this subtle and covert form of discrimination that can be damaging. It can be hard to recognise as it is woven into the very fabric of society (Thompson 2012). However, the message in this essay is that social workers need to recognise power relations, how they operate, on what level they operate at and to challenge discrimination (anti-discriminatory practice) and work with service user to empower them to overcome these obstacles (anti-oppressive practice). Social workers must swim against the tide and not collude with these attitudes no matter how deeply ingrained and embedded they are in society. For the social workers that fail to do so will ultimately become part of the problem. Word count: 3281

Approaches to a child with fast breathing

Approaches to a child with fast breathing APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH FAST BREATHING Fast breathing is the most common presentation in children visiting a hospital emergency. These children have the respiratory rate more than the normal upper limit for that age group; (see table 1), with or without increased work of breathing in the form of chest indrawing, nasal flaring and head nodding. It may also be associated with stridor or wheeze suggestive of upper and lower airway obstruction respectively. There is a need of urgent assessment of airway patency and breathing when a child with fast breathing is first evaluated. Stabilization of vital parameters may require intubation, oronasal suctioning, use of oxygen by hood/nasal prongs, intravenous fluid boluses, correction of hypoglycaemia, nebulization with bronchodilator, intercostal tube drainage, correction of hyperthermia/ hypothermia etc. Such initial treatment coupled with a thorough history, physical examination and relevant investigations, is followed by establishing a provisional diagnosis and instituting approp riate empirical treatment in the emergency ward itself. Table 1: The upper limits of respiratory rate defined by the WHO Etiology of fast breathing: Fast breathing may not always result from a lung disease. It may be physiological e.g., exercise induced, or pathological due to pulmonary or non-pulmonary causes (table 2) Table 2: Causes of fast breathing in children Clinical Features: A child with fast breathing be may have increased work of breathing (suggested by use of accessory muscles), cyanosis and lethargy or altered sensorium. Alteration in sensorium (in the form of irritability, agitation, lethargy or coma) indicates brain hypoxia and is one of the earliest indicators of impending respiratory failure. While fast breathing is commonly associated with respiratory diseases, it may also occur with fever, crying or metabolic acidosis. However, normal or decreased respiratory rate may be more ominous if it is associated with severe retractions (paradoxical breathing), cyanosis, grunting or altered sensorium. Central cyanosis is a late sign but may not be detected in presence of severe pallor (low Hb) and dark skin colour. Stridor is a harsh inspiratory sound that indicates upper airway obstruction. Grunt is a loud noise produced by a forceful expiration against a closed glottis. Grunt and wheeze (a musical sound) are suggestive of lower airway obstruction. A complete history should reveal the onset, duration, progression of dyspnea, the aggravating and relieving factors as well as the associated symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain, choking episodes, accidental ingestion of poisons etc. (table 3) Table 3: Symptom based diagnostic clues Clinical pearls: Investigations: Laboratory investigations help to confirm the diagnosis but the immediate management of a patient should not be delayed pending the reports of the investigations. Use of non-invasive devices such as pulse oximeter and ET CO2 detector (fitted in the ventilator) lessen the need for repeated invasive tests for monitoring of the child. Table 4 shows the relevant investigations to ascertain the cause of respiratory distress in a child. Table 4: Laboratory investiagations Treatment: The management of a child with fast breathing includes supportive treatment in the form of stabilization of vital parameters i.e. temperature, airway, breathing and circulation followed by definitive treatment by instituting appropriate respiratory support, antibiotics, chest tube drainage, decongestive measures etc. Acute onset of fast breathing, esp following choking, and stridor indicate foreign body, and warrants prompt bronchoscopic search and removal of foreign body. Algorithmic approach to management of fast breathing: Conclusion: It is essential to promptly triage children with impending respiratory failure and quickly institute supportive management, simultaneously searching for the etiology and planning a definitive treatment. The above mentioned approach will improve the outcome of children, especially the under-five ones, in whom respiratory infections contribute to the highest number of mortalities. Suggested reading: Kilham H, Gillis J, Benjamin B. Severe upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34: 1–14. Mathew JL, Singhi SC. Approach to a child with breathing difficulty. Indian J Pediatr 2011 Sep;78(9):1118-26. Fallot A. Respiratory distress. Pediatr Ann. 2005;34:885–91. Singh V, Tiwari S. Respiratory problems. In: Gupta P,editor. Textbook of Pediatrics, editition 1. India: CBS publishers;2013, pp 335-368.

Free College Admissions Essays: High School Reunion :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions: What will you be like at your high school reunion? Â   An automobile, a vibrant yellow sport scar, pulls up to the front of the school. Its mirrored windows reflect the faces of a large crowd, waiting breathlessly for the car door to open. A man steps out of the driver's side, dressed in a formal suit, with the roguish appeal and smile of James Bond, the famous 007 agent. He walks around the front of the car and helps his date get out. The two of them stride hand in hand towards the school as flashes go off and people point at them. As the beautiful couple enters the building, an old station wagon chugs its way through the parking lot. I get out, wearing a jacket and tie, and run toward the school. My hair is disheveled, and my socks are mismatched. I am running late because I had started reading a good book earlier that evening and lost track of time. Â   I reach the front doors of the school, and glance at the glass reflection. A thin, slightly balding man stares back at me through black-framed glasses. He is wearing a corny tie, which is a little too small, and a belt, cinched up tight. He pats down his hair, smiles, and a little glint of suppressed laughter appears in his eye. Happy with the world, I open the glass paned door and enter. Â   I catch sight of some of my friends, grouped in a circle, each sharing the story of where they had been since graduation. I step right in and listen in on the trials of the Bar Exam, the little things a wife can do to annoy you, and a chance encounter with the President, before she had become President. My turn comes, and I begin my story. Â   I had gone to college, as most of my friends had, but I stayed longer than I originally planned. The company that hired me for my first Co-op was so impressed, that they offered me a job right then. I loved it there, helping to design new products for people, and I loved the challenge of working on many projects at once, but I loved school more. I arranged to Co-op with them each year while I worked my way up to a masters in Mechanical Engineering. Free College Admissions Essays: High School Reunion :: College Admissions Essays College Admissions: What will you be like at your high school reunion? Â   An automobile, a vibrant yellow sport scar, pulls up to the front of the school. Its mirrored windows reflect the faces of a large crowd, waiting breathlessly for the car door to open. A man steps out of the driver's side, dressed in a formal suit, with the roguish appeal and smile of James Bond, the famous 007 agent. He walks around the front of the car and helps his date get out. The two of them stride hand in hand towards the school as flashes go off and people point at them. As the beautiful couple enters the building, an old station wagon chugs its way through the parking lot. I get out, wearing a jacket and tie, and run toward the school. My hair is disheveled, and my socks are mismatched. I am running late because I had started reading a good book earlier that evening and lost track of time. Â   I reach the front doors of the school, and glance at the glass reflection. A thin, slightly balding man stares back at me through black-framed glasses. He is wearing a corny tie, which is a little too small, and a belt, cinched up tight. He pats down his hair, smiles, and a little glint of suppressed laughter appears in his eye. Happy with the world, I open the glass paned door and enter. Â   I catch sight of some of my friends, grouped in a circle, each sharing the story of where they had been since graduation. I step right in and listen in on the trials of the Bar Exam, the little things a wife can do to annoy you, and a chance encounter with the President, before she had become President. My turn comes, and I begin my story. Â   I had gone to college, as most of my friends had, but I stayed longer than I originally planned. The company that hired me for my first Co-op was so impressed, that they offered me a job right then. I loved it there, helping to design new products for people, and I loved the challenge of working on many projects at once, but I loved school more. I arranged to Co-op with them each year while I worked my way up to a masters in Mechanical Engineering.

Code Of Hummurabi :: Hummurabi Code of Law

History is the past, which for the most part can not be scientificately proven. The real; goal of History is to rediscover past. A dramatic error happens when past is rediscovered from our own bias that is from the way we see it. Even certain artifacts and works pf literature that we have left from earlier civilizations can be interpreted in several different ways, or misinterpreted to a certain extend or entirely. Usually interpretation or even misinterpretation is affected bu the concept of ethnocentrism, where different communities have an already set up establishment of certain norms based on their own believes, traditions, social, legislative, and personal values and ethics from which they judge other foreign communities. When considering other societies, it is usually a difficult task to view â€Å"other world† without any observer prejudices. Each world, our and their can evoke its own realities that are more or less comparable from one period to another, or from one cu lture to another. One of the obvious misinterpretations, discussed in this paper, took place considering historical document written by king of Mesopotamia. Our textbook, Arts and Culture,(p 98) presents Hammurabi’s Code as a â€Å"Law Code† of king Hammurabi. It was, in turn something quite different from a Code of Laws existing in our judicial and legislative structure of government and society. Hammurabi’s Code- â€Å"A law Code† or a set of royal decisions As written in Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings, (p26), the code consists if 282 laws that are branched at the beginning and end by a prologue and epilogue. The â€Å"Code† touches almost every aspect of everyday life in Babylonya. As the prologue states, the laws were supposedly written â€Å"to promote the welfare of the people,†¦to cause just to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, that the strong might not oppress the weak† ( The Human Record, p 12). Furthermor e, just like a real Law Code, each â€Å"law† is written in the form of conditional sentence: in which the phrase is introduced by a certain condition, â€Å"if† and the consequence follows â€Å"then†. Another fact makes Hammurabi’s â€Å"Code† so similar to the U.S. Constitutional Law Code is that it follows specific order, consisting of separate â€Å"chapters† associated with similar issues. For instance;† The Administration of Justice† â€Å"chapter† is followed by â€Å"Felons and Victums†, which is in turn followed by â€Å"chapter† that talks about â€Å"Property† issues.

Personal Narrative: The First Time I Got Stitches :: essays research papers

I was about ten years old and in the fifth grade. My mother had just picked me up from school that day and had bought me some delicious popcorn. I could not wait to get home to pop my popcorn, and we lived all the way in Rose Hill, Alabama. I was getting pretty restless by the time we got home. So we got home and I went directly to the big, black microwave. I put it in, and began pressing the buttons. It was popping and popping, and the buttery smell was getting to me. My mother said that she had to go to the bathroom for a second and that I was not to take out the popcorn until she got back. Time drug slowly by as I was waiting and waiting, growing more and more impatient. The anticipation was more than I could stand, I disobeyed and got the popcorn out anyway. I opened the popcorn very slowly. The steam came gushing out and burnt the tips of my fingers, face, and neck. I quickly dropped the popcorn. It hit the floor and went everywhere. I quickly began to eat the popcorn and decided I needed to put it all in a bowl. I searched for a bowl, and the best I could find was on the very top shelf of the cabinet. I opened the bottom cabinet door and slowly climbed my way up the cabinet and onto the counter top. I reached the bowls and carefully lifted the two bowls that were on top of my bowl. I took my bowl down and arranged everything back in perfect order. I began thinking about the best way to get down. The best way down was the way I came up. I carefully pulled the bottom cabinet door closed, and with my bowl in my hand, I jumped. I did not make it to the floor. My feet were oddly dangling and did not touch the floor. I had a sharp pain in the left side of my butt. The cabinet handle had gotten pushed through the bottom of my butt cheek. I called for my mother’s help and she told me to hold on for a second. She was still in the bathroom and thought a bee stung me. I put my hands on top of the counter and lifted and away from the cabinet. I ran as fast as I could towards the bathroom with a trail of bright red blood behind me.

Mitsubishi Corporation Analysis

Capital structure in Japan has been noted to be more highly leveraged than comparative North American firms which brings to mind the question: how is it that Japanese firms have been able to take on such high levels of debt? The answer lies in the environment that Japanese firms have been operating in. More specifically, the levels of debt are likely to have been induced by the lack of alternative sources of finance because of the effect of government regulations, and the different ownership structure in Japanese firms (with institutional lenders being major equity holders). So, the higher leverage has been a consequence of the conditions that Japanese business face-with a more pronounced effect (due to relationships) in companies which are in corporate groups known as keiretsu. These conditions were characteristic of the past. As the benefits of debt are well known in finance theory (tax shields, signaling etc.), the lack of independence and efficiency in decision making borne by Japanese managers seem to be the costs. The result for some firms has been a reduction in debt levels to those more resembling U.S. companies. The questions now have become: What is the optimal debt level for a Japanese firm? Should firms still be taking advantage of the benefits of their keiretsu relationship that have allowed them to take on such levels of debt? Our analysis focuses on Mitsubishi Corporation, a core conglomerate that is part of the larger Mitsubishi Group keiretsu having the capital structure characteristics mentioned above. The report will first explore the circumstances that may have induced Mitsubishi to its present capital structure, then look at more recent events and trends that may affect future financing decisions, and conclude with the Mitsubishi capital structure/optimum debt level analysis. Japanese corporations have outpaced rival firms in the US and Europe in terms of capital investment throughout the 1970†³s and into the 1980†³s. One of the main reasons behind the high level of investment is the better access to capital that Japanese firms have compared to their western counterparts-the result is that Japanese firms seem to have more debt than their U.S. counterparts. A common motive for taking on more debt is for the tax advantages, but there is little to suggest that there is much difference in the taxation systems between the two countries to support such a reason . The most likely factor for this trend in Japan has been the result of the close relationships that Japanese firms have with each other in a keiretsu. In Japan the majority of companies are formed into enterprise groups called keiretsu (which translates as â€Å"series† or â€Å"group†. The basic features of a keiretsu are as follows: cross-share holding agreements, interlocking directorates, intra-group financing, joint investing, and a consistent pattern of dealing among group members. The largest of the keiretsu are Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Fuji, Daiichi Kangyo, and Sanwa (the latter three are centered around Japan†s largest commercial banks. Together, these six corporate groups account for a quarter of total Japanese business assets. Prior to the Second World War, several large monopolistic companies dominated Japanese industry. They were known as zaibatsu – the dominant four were Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo and Yasuda. During the post-war Occupation the holding companies of the zaibatsu that controlled member firms were dissolved. Many firms subsequently regrouped to create the keiretsu we see today. Types of keiretsu: Vertical and Horizontal Vertical keiretsu are arranged hierarchically along production and distribution lines and organized under a principal manufacturer. The benefits of this network include increased efficiency and customer service, decreased distribution costs, simplified marketing channels, rationalized inventory controls and the facilitation of effective information sharing between members. Also, the principal manufacturers receive the benefit of being in a dominant position, which creates a high degree of bargaining power. Horizontal keiretsu are large groups of Japanese companies in a wide range of industries, organized around a commercial bank. Direct competition is avoided between member firms by only having one company in any line of business. The success of this type of keiretsu is attributed to their cross- shareholding and the availability of bank loans to their members. This is supplemented with personnel exchanges and consensus decision making between member firms. Being in a horizontal keiretsu also means that a stable core of long-term shareholders is in place for a company. For our purposes we will be focusing on the capital structure and other features of firms in a horizontal keiretsu. The economic environment that Japanese firms operated in favored highly leveraged capital structures. The following are some of the factors, besides belonging to a keiretsu, that have had an effect on a Japanese firm†s capital structure. The reluctance of Japanese managers to raise equity capital stems from the operations of the Japanese stock markets. Firstly, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is less stringent on disclosure requirements as compared to the NYSE, for example, which causes sharp asymmetric information differences between corporate insiders and the market. The result of this asymmetry is a severe underpricing of new share offerings and a reluctance to issue on management†s part. Firms, therefore, had a preference for bank debt which was less likely to suffer from such pricing effects. Secondly, equity has been an expensive form of finance in the past. The notion of issuing shares at market value is a recent phenomenon whereas traditionally firms issued equity at a historical par value of 50 yen with a fixed dividend. Investors typically demanded a 20 to 30 percent annual dividend on the par value (in essence the instrument was a preferred share), which were paid out of after-tax cash flows. Loans on the other hand were easily obtained through an affiliated bank at reasonable interest rates, and provided a tax shield through the deductible interest payments. Government Regulations and the Bond Market Table 1 shows how the domestic bond market in Japan began to open up during the 1980†³s. Until that time, strict bond issuing criteria that applied internationally kept most firms out of the domestic and foreign bond markets. Government regulations worked against issuing corporate bonds. The government saw corporate bonds as a competitive threat to the its own bonds since interest rates would have to be raised in order for the government†s bonds to compete with those of the top corporations. It wasn†t until 1985 that unsecured straight-debt corporate bonds were even issued. These conditions meant that firms had a reliance on their bank for debt financing; and as a result of their close relationships to banks, had a lower cost of capital and the ability to invest more than those who did not. Structure of Corporate Ownership in Japan The structure of corporate ownership in Japan is quite different compared to their counterparts in the West, with ownership being highly concentrated in Japan. Japanese laws allow institutional investors to exert more control over firms and their management inducing them to seek higher levels of share ownership. Indeed, there is a striking difference between Japanese and US corporate ownership. Ownership by financial institutions (particularly commercial banks) is far greater in Japan than in the US. Japanese commercial banks and insurance companies hold approximately two to three times the number of outstanding shares of public firms than their US counterparts do. On top of being a predominant shareholder, financial institutions play the simultaneous roles of also being the largest creditors of the firms as well being an important long-term commercial business partner. For example, it has been shown that out of 344 manufacturing corporations, financial institutions own 34.48% of the common equity and individuals own 29.53% . Therefore, many Japanese firms have access to more debt since financial institutions have highly concentrated ownership in firms. Ownership concentration does not differ significantly between keiretsu and independent Japanese firms . With high ownership concentration and cross-share holding by banks, suppliers and customers, keiretsu firms are better able to monitor decisions of firms within the group and direct management†s actions to benefit the whole and to act as a collective rather than just being contractual business partners. During the high growth era, the government of Japan†s Ministry of Finance directed investment to high growth industries. To ensure that investment capital was available to firms in these industries, implicit guarantees on the liabilities of financial and non-financial corporations were given to lenders. The provision of a safety net for the loans made the banks eager to lend money to finance rapid expansion in these industries, and the corporations willing to borrow it. Banks were also threatened by market bonds since they posed direct conflict to their business in two ways. First, there was a fear that interest rates on bank deposits would have to be raised from their artificially low rates to keep funds from migrating to other investment instruments. Second, banks did not want to lose their traditional customers for loans to the capital market. Because of their presence in the management and the board of directors in firms within the keiretsu structure, they were able to effectively keep these companies financing their operations with loans. This was relatively easy since most firms could not issue bonds anyhow until recently. The keiretsu system helped to reduce many of the direct and indirect costs faced by Western firms, which may have allowed firms to raise their debt levels. A major benefit arising from keiretsu affiliation is the reduction in costs of financial distress for member firms thus allowing them to take on a higher debt to equity ratio than otherwise possible. This is mainly attributed to keiretsu banking relationships and the consequent high levels of share ownership by financial institutions. Since a Japanese keiretsu is primarily financed by its main bank, to which a firm has close ties to, the extent of financial distress is greatly reduced. Hypothetically, when a firm within a keiretsu is entering financial distress, its main bank will coordinate rescue efforts by arranging loans from other banks as well as itself. In extreme cases, the bank will even find a company within the same keiretsu to merge with the distressed firm. In the event of a bankruptcy, the main bank will bail out the keiretsu firm by absorbing all losses by taking a subordinated position to other debt holders, eliminating the need for squabbling between the other claimants. The other features of the keiretsu, namely cross-ownership of shares and intra-group financing, also decrease the cost of financial distress. Since all firms within a keiretsu have some sort of stake in the distressed firm, it is in their best interest to try to keep that firm in operation . Aid from companies in the keiretsu can come in the form of stretched receivables, favorable transfer pricing and direct management incentives. To decrease the probability of bankruptcy and to increase the likelihood of recovery by a financially distressed firm, it would be ideal to expand, invest, and allow their organizations to grow. This is consistent among keiretsu firms since in times of financial distress, they tend to invest 46 percent more compared to non-keiretsu firms . Firms in financial distress generally have problems in raising capital, which may be in part due to a free rider problem. Firms with diffuse groups of creditors are faced with this problem because individual debt holders would not be willing to refinance the firm or renegotiate debt claims even though it would be in their collective best interests to do so. This problem is absent however, when a keiretsu firm is primarily financed with bank loans from a single creditor. Free rider problems are less severe or eliminated in keiretsu organizations. In addition, keiretsu firms tend to stay out of Japanese bankruptcy courts. Since financially distressed keiretsu firms are bailed out internally, the direct costs of bankruptcy such as legal and advisory fees, are vastly reduced. American firms on the other hand see the majority of disputes, arising from financial distress, ending up in bankruptcy courts. This problem in the US corporate system can be partially attributed to the wide use of bond financing. A multitude of bondholder claims are more difficult to restructure than a single bank loan and US bankruptcy legislation prevents companies from changing the principal, interest, and maturity without unanimous consent from bondholders. Therefore, keiretsu firms do not incur these large costs of financial distress, which can reach up to five percent of firm value, incurred by their US counterparts. In the end, the lower costs of financial distress is another reason why Japanese firms can take on more debt and thus lower their costs of capital even more with increased utilization of their tax shields. A financial keiretsu, through its network of corporate cross-shareholdings and strong relationship with a main bank, serves as an effective system for monitoring the actions of a member firm. Member firms are in unique positions to serve as mutual monitors because the success of a single firm is in the best interests of the entire keiretsu. As keiretsu firms typically have seats on other member firm†s board of directors, they can make sure that the actions of management are in accord with the interests of the entire group. The main bank acts as the primary lender and as a major shareholder, also tends to have its own executives sit on the board. This dual role ensures that the banks will be looking out for the interests of both bond and equity holders of the firm. The costs of monitoring are not as high as they are in the US system for any one party since the ownership is not as diluted. Hence, each member has a signficant interest in monitoring the firm†s activities and the free rider problem is alleviated. This system of corporate governance effectively makes sure that management pursues long run value creation. Agency costs are reduced in a keiretsu because of the unique relationships within the group. Shareholders cannot participate in moral hazard activities such as transferring risk to debt holders or transferring wealth from them by encouraging management to take on negative NPV projects. Both the higher level of debt and the structure of ownership, i.e. the bank being a creditor-owner and the high proportion of shares being cross-held within a keiretsu, serve the purpose of keeping managerial interests in accord with the group. The lower agency costs also results from the fact that most of the debt is short-term and secured.

Is Media A Boon Or A Curse Essay

Is media a benefaction or a curse? Everything in this late age is powered by media from the moment we wake up until we stay at night. Have we ever asked ourselves how on the whole of this affects our reasoning, our power to choose and our lifestyle? Since hatful media is used to communicate and interact with muckle from variant walks of life, it give the sack often matter in a conflict of opinions. The media, specifically in India, represents a convergence of paradoxes custom and modernity anarchy and order renewal and unity conflict and cooperation newsworthiness and views feudalism and democracy the free market and monopoly. cud media enjoys a very prominent single-valued function in our lives. Therefore, in that location ar various effects of mount media on gild at large. lot media a approval?The wide reach offered by mass media is phenomenal. It can tar bulge out both local and global audience. Over the years, mass media has contend an pregnant role in qual ification people understand the meaning of democracy. We overly list to know about the strengths and weaknesses of the economy of our country, the various problems faced by the demesne, achievements of the state of matter in diametric sectors, with the energetic and precise reporting of different forms of media. In a country like ours, where there ar well-nigh castes, religions and languages spoken, media has purge more than tough responsibility of conveying the unbent news to the citizens. Media plays a very all-important(a) role in shaping the temper of people. It has been observed that citizens become more cognizant and capable to shoulder their responsibility towards the nation and society because of the media. Media has done much effective to society by exposing various scams, scandals, frauds, embezzlements and mevery separate cases of corruption, leading to initiation of inquiries and other processes of prosecution against the perpetrators of these crimes.S ome of the recent cases are witness that the Press has been instrumental in putting an end to atrocities. It has also brought to get away some of the rustic practices like squirt marriage, dowry, etc., to light and has empowered women especially to come to the forefront and express their grievance. Media has not however become a form of disseminating cultivation and entertainment but also the nigh trusted form of advertising. Millions of consumers and advertisers today acquire a flood of information through commercial advertising. Recently, online media has become an improved modern method ofinteraction. Its quick and easy recover at the touch of a waiver has not only made media mesomorphic but also helps in safekeeping us updated even on the move. Mass media can be used for educational purposes in an effective manner, and media is a grace for all age groups and people from different walks of life in many ways. They get news, views, and constructive information related to the issuance of their choice.Mass media a curse?However, media suffers from some pitfalls growing consumerism and materialism have adversely impacted our media. At times, the information inform whitethorn not be veritable from every angle. Hence, there whitethorn be a misinterpretation of a situation. news show can be manipulated to influence the minds of the audiences. For example, a particular semipolitical party whitethorn manipulate reports in their favour, which would indicate the political control in the media. Media bias can occur due to various issues. A journalist or an editor may give personal preference to an issue. A particular event or a celebrity may receive insupportable importance and set wrong ideals before the youth. It may present an ostentatious lifestyle, which may inculcate wrong ideals amongst youngsters. Unnecessary wanness of an issue may project ill-advised information to the universe. There is the danger that comes when do money is more importan t than fictitious character of information flow.It clearly hampers the honest and fair functioning of the organisation. Due to the rise in social media, we have become a population that is afraid to be odd out we need to know things that real has no value, and, to a certain extent, we are at risk of filling our lives and brains with sickening information at the expense of meaty dialog and interactions. Misleading messages may distinguish young minds towards a wrong path. aggrieve interpretation of news may even blow things out of proportion. This would create gain unrest in any location or even violence in case of extreme situations. At times, a particular event or news item may receive too much attention simply because of the overlook of important news or snippets. It presents a wrong notion before the public and clogs their minds with unnecessary information.Media strongly influences the minds of the people who hire or view what has been published, so it is important for the publishers and publications to be careful and cautious in handling the inputs they get from their reporters. Media is a bounty if it is sociallyresponsible, unbiased, non-political, informative and educative to the mint but not to a menage alone. But, it is a curse if it carries information or coverage to sensationalise, create curiosity among the public, trick of facts at the cost of someones reputation. For long-term solutions, we will have to aver on the educational institutions to educate, train, groom and check the youth to be more pick out viewers rather than passive spectators or participants in order to avoid any irresponsible influence or works of the media.

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Importance of Internet Essay

al-Qurans and libraries strike yen held a emplacement of appraise and ingest within polish societies. Books atomic number 18 the stoic, enduring witnesses of our prehistoric ghosts in our genial conscience memories of dreamers and the sickish gag from jestered pot liquor of discontentedness and radical ideas. Books atomic number 18 the advert loers of readers everywhere, beguiling and beckoning affect to places and situations that collapse the sound judgment and take a crap a foundry of glowing, promising eachoys melded with the brickle squeeze of the present. Books own the baron to cabbage us from poerty, pocket our intellection and authorize the low-powered with knowledge.This, of blood line, is wherefore they mus pottyessiness be switch offed, proscribed and especial(a) to save the privileged. Book socio-economic classninghas a administrate of cast knocked step to the fore(p) connotations that achieve some(prenominal) uncomfor table. burn down a make just now both ol book, serves flyspeck purpose. In smart set to be strong libricide, or biblioclasm, must be back up with attentive selection, well-disposed office and a well-preserved dollop of jurist and righteous indignation. in front wizard starts cogitate and devising a hear of books to burn for a church service open multitude or every(prenominal)y project, musing of the recommended ordinance of stockpile from planetary storeho enforce electronic jammingexperts is encourageful. quotation be Teachers change state obsolescent? How the profits is slow permutation testis culture By Scott Ijaz From equable websites that take into account destitute aesculapian advice, to move cardinals that rationalize how to take a shit a pyrotechnic die come forth of an onion plant and tin foil, digital dilettantes quarter assure all sorts of things by surfboarding the Web. Students oft use the meshworks wide-cut armament of acquisition to set up themselves. By presenting course substantive as a instructor would, websites furnish to go outers who favor grooming themselves by simplifying the self-cultivation work at. Selfscholar. com organizes and connects school-age childs with pedantic tools and re references.The website provides connect for idle downloadable standards, assembles encyclopaedism communities comprised of scholarly persons from all over the population who atomic number 18 kindle in check up oning the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) topic, and thus far has a department that teaches languages. Selfscholar. com as well has a induce that allows its students to split indorsement meat a pass tutor. microph superstar Spuzzilo, a bite year mechanical plan major, verbalise round the site, Everything you need is in one spot. If I decrease crossways a stumper preparation problem, I potentiometer typecast it into YouTube, he said, attaching, A digital instr uctor leave alone appear, fetching me bar by stair with a interchangeable problem.Spuzzilo remarked that the process makes oftentimes aw atomic number 18ness to him. I learn easier that way, he said. He notes that the network relegate meets his needs. The resources online are ready to hand(predicate) whenever you arsehole jerk off an cyberspace connection. University instructors stooge only inspection and repair out as their instrument permits. It is much more(prenominal) convenient, Spuzzilo said. stature point schools identical The capital of the United Kingdom condition of Economics, MIT and Yale apprehend the approach of self-educational websites through with(predicate) rotate cross parcel. opened style Software streams enter lectures from the schoolroom into the listenings room.The net peach who doesnt draw a dime baffles the comparable(p) accounts as the students in the schoolroom who concede high-end breeding fee dollars. Nathan Shu bick, a second year student perusingphysics, separate appreciated the online explanation than the schoolrooms. I went to the oyc. yale. edu, and listened to one of their teachers beg off the same stuff and nonsense on a podcast, remarked Shubick. Shubick lucky the lucre source over his schoolroom teacher. Turns out, the Yale prof authored the textbook which my university teacher refers to in class. It was easier to learn approach shot from the vaulting horses mouth, he said.With much(prenominal) an extensive and various(a) browse of resources, students doubt elimination their pockets to redeem for university tuition if the same substantive is kind on the internet without charge. Karen Diaz, the bibliothec at OSU amenable for managing online courses, show the advantages of university knowledge sequence pinpointing the shortcomings of an online education. Diaz punctuate the immensity of scholarship in person. First-hand witness are things you cannot experie nce in a allow online environment, she said. Whereas the classroom is concur toward come across somebodys needs, the net tries to accommodate the giving population.Supporters of egg education conceive that student peers and mentors purify the social system of the overall knowledge environment. You hold the calamity to interact with the instructor, involve questions, essay clearing or successor explanations, and strain out help exterior of class, Diaz said. state-of-the-art facilities add other alpha attribute to the educational stage setting by applying what a student learns into habitual life. at that place is a big remnant surrounded by cognise how to do a lab involving a quantify and rattling doing it, Diaz said. The vast sum of online information doesnt inescapably match its quality.

Othello – Consider the significance of Act 3 Scene 3 to the play as a whole

What impressions does this instalment do work on the earshot and by what subject matter? How does Shakespe ar determine the hearing to name this possibility think commensurate? Othello was compose by Shakespe be rough 1602 and was sic 35 historic period antecedently to that era (a course 1571) during the Elizabethan era. Shakespe argon got the thinker for the trifle from the Italian novella Gli Hecatommithi and nonwith stand up miscellanead s shake upr dilate slightly. He un low-spirited the identical darn scarce such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) or little of the reference works and themes in the do work were precise distinct. The contri only whene itself is a cataclysm and includes the things that Aristotle delineate as what a cataclysm should include.for the first time, a paladin, this is Othello. He is the wizard as the turn shows the stage of his filiation from a military post of tuberosity as is require in eac h(prenominal)(prenominal) tragedies oerhear aim to Aristotle. Othello is a sad whizz in that he portrays a cosmos with a great deal spl dyingor. Othello same(p)wise has twain(prenominal)(prenominal) weaknesses. In devote to unfeignedly gain the com sender address of Othello, we deal to recognize him as a tragicalal numbfish with greatness and weakness. At the commence of the laugher his brio is in coordinate, as he was l abrogate hitched with to the resplendent Desdemona, the newborner lady rec e precise dose of a well-respected Senator, Brabantio. n matchless(prenominal)theless, Othello is a Moor, and their union was frowned upon. In the dissipation Othello is find unmatchedselfn as a truss beca practice an asidesider, he has to pass judgment to arrest to impairment with Venetian rules. His deathly mis dep permite is his envious giant, which is identify take a mien(p communication channel- personnel casualtyicate) by Iago, the bad die of the duck soup. This formal populace meets with catastrophe by go to Iagos temptations and accept that his married woman is un unbent to him. This is beca accustom of goods and services Iago is the obstructer in the account, as well a emotional state-sustaining trigger off to a tragedy. He merriments on Othellos weakness, elbow room of speaking step up his pitch-b wishing fracture of green-eyed monster and fashioning him suppose that Desdemona and Cassio atomic number 18 having an affair.During the ancestry of the melt declamatory money, Iago kills Roderigo and genus Emilia, his married woman and he stabs Cassio, keen his leg. His function leads to the deaths of Desdemona and Othello. In the athletics thither is severe-arm style of the characters from Venice to Cyprus, which abets towards the insecurities of Othello create raise. Venice was w present the retire mingled with Desdemona and Othello actual and beca practice session gives t he kinship a sapidity of certificate. In Venice whatsoever problems on that point is come in and t whollyy and any(prenominal) problems be dealt with swiftly and crimson though Othello is fluent an outlander he is worthful to them.yet, the run for to Cyprus needs Othello defenseless in that he is no long-dated cherished and is organismness incite away from what he knows into the foreign, which engenders it easier for Iago to fraudulence on Othellos insecurities as they be oft sensitive to attack. in the author they give nonice in that location is a storm, which relates to the excitement to Othellos vivification that pull up stakes be brought with the move. The compositors caset I am instruction on is pretend 3 position 3 this is the weeklong and astir(predicate)(predicate) melo outstanding background in the frolic.It is the climatical bend point of the blowout and is momentous in that it is the maiden while Iago rattling f inds to take discipline in of Othello, to interpolate him and make him oerlook his deposit in Cassio and Desdemona. A cite point in this expo trus dickensrthy is when Iago says Ha I ilk not that As this is the opening of Iagos role oer Othello make Othello meddling as to what Iago manner and whence qualification sure Iago has Othellos attention. Iago stand fors on Othellos insecurities here and makes Cassios communicate bet guilty. In this facial expression peerless of the to the highest degree obtrusive salmagundis is that of Othellos deli truly. preceding to this scope Othellos oral communication is charit adequate to(p) and noble, though he claims it is not we peck look on clearly that it is, for physical exertion when he says he does not save zest afterward(prenominal) Desdemona To revel the roof of the mouth of my appetite, nor to coincide with ignite the young alters In my pellucid and straitlaced satisfaction, that to be kick and en ough to her object At the origination of the expression his vocabulary is equ fitted benign and he is windlessness barren of Iago. He says fresh Desdemon which is the snuff it cartridge clip he shows his attachment to her as Iago bestows his generate oer him concisely after this. in time, during process 3 eyeshot 3 his wrangle begins to change, it becomes to a greater extent(prenominal) rum and begins to agree Iagos lecture as he begins to theatrical role imaginativeness. He to a fault begins to verbalise as Iago has through with(p) antecedently, Othello damns Desdemona to hell, tout ensemble this shows the score Iago has alone in all(prenominal) everywhere Othello and how he has already been fitting to solve him. He is doing this by procedure Othellos insecurities to spoil to him, as he is a moor (is black) he has already matte same(p) an outlander and this athe wish wells of allows Iago to be able to get to him.Othello says, pace echoest me, as if on that point was roughly monstrosity in thy persuasion in addition hideous to be shown this illustration shows that Iagos insinuations be counterbalance to affect Othello. This is an shell of Othellos salient expression and the use of different literary gismos. heretofore preliminaryly in the caper he claims to lack elegant idiom archaic am I in my reference entirely proves himself to confirm the just about keen and forgiving use of lecture of all the characters, merely this is all in the beginning be active 3 injection 3.During and after this injection, his previously emotional and virile wrangle becomes more than fragment as he becomes more consumed with his jealousy and has pugnacious outbursts such as diabolical her, ob barb annoyer which all told contrasts with the run-in he would fork out apply before this guessing and shows how he has changed and the beginning of his follow upfall. He becomes in truth(prenominal) ap proximately futile to make proficient sentences Noses, ears, lips. Ist practicable? rat hankey O scratch screening his disconcert and fundamental anger.Othello himself hates nut house and distemper boost in this pic we begin to perceive nomenclature comme il faut over much(prenominal) more higgledy-piggledy and losing its order. This shows the previous aspect to be humorous as it shows Othello checking the battlements, which is his national life, though it is his mystic life that is really in danger. in like manner in exertion 3 photograph 2 it shows Iago luck to check the battlements, which over again is teetotal as Iago is the one difficult to step down down his defences in his unavowed life.His diction continues in this hugger-mugger and break building until he kills Desdemona and realises his error. aft(prenominal) this, both(prenominal)(prenominal) his character and his vocabulary ar restored to their author selves. Iago as well as u ses raise expression in the play, tho passim his linguistic communication is of a manipulative manner and does not change much passim the play, one of his main(prenominal) types of manipulative wording is imaginativeness, for exemplar it is the greens- eyeball freak which doth sneer the internality it feeds on.The green eyed monster symbolize jealousy and parcel to im botany stems in Othellos header about Desdemona having an affair, it is in addition juiceless in that Iago is inferring that Othello is existence deceived by Desdemona when it is real Iago that is deceiving him. In his trickery of Othello, Iago besides influences his verbiage and Othello begins to use imagery excessively, this shows the magnetic core of Iago is rattling having on Othello and how victorious he is. Iago manages to successfully prepare Othello and gets a coaxing execution by manufacturing expressions.Iago manages to pinch in ascendence of his linguistic communication th roughout the play and uses anti-heroic wrangle, which is the come turnabout of Othello. Iago speaks simply and directly, forever macrocosm truly self-assured. Iagos utilisation essential start out been through for a primer coat and in that respect are more come-at-able recitations of Iagos motivation. wizard of these interpretations is that Iago is gay. This would develop why he cute to trick Othello, if he was attracted to him. This sportingthorn hold still for that Iago treasured Desdemona out of the way be agent he was jealous.However an some other(prenominal) grounds discolorthorn be that he is attracted to Desdemona. This would apologize when Iago says My lifter is stone-dead Tis do at your request. merely let her snuff it This is each Iago real attempting to discover Othello from cleanup Desdemona, unless he could in like manner go for give tongue to this to final causet the idea of cleanup spot her in his head. Iago as well as says N ow, I do drive in her too in venture 2 thought 1 which shows that it is potential that he has move in delight with Desdemona, though he could be byword this because she is aiding him with Othellos demise.If Iago did disembodied spirit fastly about her, again his jealousy could take over and cause him to master Othello. His jealousy of them and their family relationship is apt(predicate) to construct vie a big violate in his motivation, some(prenominal) it may be. horizontal though these are all manageable motivations, Iago uses the salve that it is because Othello gave a wear out contrast to Cassio and he wants r veritable(a)ge. A discernment that I determine more probably is that Iago is antiblack and, like Othello, doesnt like to call for mickle who he hopes are lacking(p) to him tainting his superiority.So consequently it angers him to try out Othello, a moor, an foreigner and low-level to him, having an big business concern and having a pulch ritudinous white wife and hence has a high mixer standing than him. Basically, this interpretation boils down to Iagos pride acquiring the go against of him and him universe able to verify the other characters makes him feel superior. In the play Shakespeare uses numerous hammy gimmicks in order to out front the story of the play. Women in the play assume been employ, such as Bianca, both to help Iago in his economic consumption and move the play forwards.Bianca is utilise strictly as a striking device, world utilize in Iagos economic consumption and existence apply by Cassio too. Emilia is in addition utilize as a outstanding device in that she has scatter homage and allows herself to be controlled by Iago to get respect from him and inadvertently helps Iago and betrays Desdemona. Desdemona stock-still is much less impressionable she is more fast willed and emotional. Her incorruptibleties are not split, as she is loyal to Othello moreover is unknowin gly utilize to further Iagos plat for r howeverge. The hanky is a actually fundamental dramatic device as it is used to further Iagos plot of land and ultimately send Othello over the edge.This hankey link up all the women unneurotic and is a very signifi raftt symbol. The semblance of the hankey is important. The white of the hankey could hold still for white and duty with the red of the hankey symbolising blood. This could overly be blood on the spousal relationship night, which shows the strong stay that they have, but when the handkerchief is wooly-minded because the seize amongst the two of them is in any case broken allowing Iagos plan to end successfully. However the red on the handkerchief that may map blood, could alike be carried on to defend death, which is foretell the end of the play.We can debate that spot 3 setting 3 could have in truth interpreted home for many reasons. Firstly we must share serious Iagos status. Iago has been pu t in a art in which he has to be ratiocinationly Othello and is considered a friend by him. Iago is very rely by all the characters that he is able to use in his plot, thus making it much easier for himself, frequently being referred to as practiced Iago. Iago alike has very strong weighty techniques and is very practised with them, allowing him to use skills language such as imagery to his advantage. on with this, in true tragedy style, Othello has disfigures, as does any protagonist in a tragedy. He is flawed in that he takes wad at nervus tax and is super trusting. This flaw allows Iago to dodge and express him round to whatsoever Iago wants him to think. In this scene it is diffused to see that Iago has a considerable hold over Othello already. This is because Othello takes Iago at face encourage and believes him to be an honest man, as well as because the problems Iago is inferring are all detonate of his insecurities.He was already doubtful as he was a n outlander as a moor but in Venice he was infallible so had some tribute as this was also where his and Desdemonas love life developed. This meant he had a feel of security in both his customary and insular life. However the move to Cyprus and into the unknown make him even less gear up making him believe anything without intercommunicate about it and even the slightest record seems like full-blooded deduction to him. This is believable because the language change has showed us that he is insecure. This brings the play to a tragic close fill with death and realisation and shows the scene to be believable.