For Whom the Bell Tolls

The novel ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ was published in 1940, written by the outstanding and famous author, Ernest Hemingway. A story of a young American man called Robert Jordan is well drafted, signaling International Brigades, particularly positioned at the republican guerrilla section in the Spainish Civil War (Hemingway par. 3).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on For Whom the Bell Tolls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jordan was a dynamiter, a position that earned him the responsibility of blowing up the Segovia’s city bridges. Reviews done by Jeffrey Meyers indicated that the novel is one of the best modeled stories (Hemingway 27). Research indicates that the main reasons behind writing the book were to discourage the negative consequences cultivated by war. Research indicated that Hemingway, born in Chicago suburb, in a family of six children, showed an interest in writing in early life (Wi lson par. 5). This writing talents ware noted to contribute significantly to the high school’s student newspaper and magazine. This is where the passion for writing books was cultivated (Hemingway 317). He, at one time, was a reporter with the Kansas City Star and was involved in the World War I and the World War II, which he borrowed lots of materials for his book ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ (Wilson par. 2). A number of authors of his time complemented his work. This is including the local high school he attended and the Kansas City Star stakeholders among others. Hemingway liked an outdoor life and gained instant popularity among his peers. At one time, he gained the title ‘Papa’ and ‘Champ’ and often rubbed shoulders with celebrities. It is argued that Hemingway was typical in nature, reflecting on that period (Hemingway par. 8). The novel was written at the time of the Spanish Civil War in 1940. The war had started in the early 1930â⠂¬â„¢s. Hemingway kept a close eye at the happenings in the war. It is believed that the war was mainly between the democracy and fascism. Hemingway was involved in the production of propaganda films and documentaries in the Spanish Civil War and, later, worked as a correspondent with the North American Newspaper (Hemingway 51). This was the birth of this novel where Hemingway strongly expressed his feelings on war. The setting of the novel is estimated to be 1937; a period is characterized by the height of the war, hence, the novel is significant enough to the setting (Hemingway par. 1). The novel highlights the actual environment that prevailed at the time of the Spanish Civil War. The novel indicates the backdrop of the real action.Advertising Looking for report on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hemingway was a direct character. Research indicates that he was actively involved in the Spanish Civil War, meaning that the drafting of the novel took a real time scenario. The novel is rich in individuality and originality. It has been noted that Hemingway was an outgoing person with a trait of collecting first hand information, a critical aspect in the drafting of the novel (Hemingway 208). The novel has a number of themes. The existing themes observed include the theme of lost innocence, the theme of valuing human life, the theme of death and the theme of love. The most profound resonates with the theme of lost innocence in war (Wilson par. 7). This is noted particularly among the characters in the novel. Research indicates that they lost physical and psychological innocence in the process of the war. Joaquin is subjected to trauma after the parents are dead; Maria lost physical innocence after being raped by soldiers. The theme of valuing human life is evident. A number of characters in the novel lost their lives, raising the questions of justifying human life. Anselmo is the one of the characters who fails to like the killings (Hemingway 343). Pablo is a character comfortable with the killings of human beings (Wilson par. 3). Salvation in the face of romantic love theme is evident, this was noted when the novel values romantic love amidst war. This was noted in Finito and also in the love between Maria and Robert Jordan (Hemingway par. 6). There are a number of unique literacy devices Hemingway applied identifying with motifs which represented the hares and the rabbits, the floor of the forest, suicide, the signs and Omens among other literacy devices. Symbols identified with Mortars, planes and tanks, and Absinthe among other symbols. Hemingway was influential in real life and in his writing (Hemingway 78). Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Scribner , 1995. Print. Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls, Amazon.com Review. 01 July 1995. Web. https://www.amazon.com/Whom-Bell-Tolls-Ernest-Hemingway/dp/0684803356.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on For Whom the Bell Tolls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wilson, Edmund. For Whom the Bell Tolls, Return of Ernest Hemingway. 14 June 2001. Web. This report on For Whom the Bell Tolls was written and submitted by user Jesse Stout to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Guide How to Write an Analytical Essay Making Things Clear

Guide How to Write an Analytical Essay Making Things Clear What is Analytical Essay? Analytical essay is a kind of academic work which requires analysis, critique, overview, or summary of a specific issue or aspect. In general, an analytical essay is offered as a task for students in case it is necessary to analyze a specific topic from a critical, rational point of view. In the majority of cases, a professor requires the writing of this kind of essay if it is necessary to check the ability of the student to make a complex analysis, to explain various parts of a complicated issue, and to compare the topic with knowledge from different spheres. Analytical investigation of the issue is aimed at its complete analysis and definition of its main interconnections with several other aspects. This kind of essay can be aimed at analysis of the different issues including various events, objects of art, different studies, cases, and situations. The student tries to realize all the main parts of the issue, define it in accordance with a specific system or field of studies, or even compare the subject with some other items. The task depends on the problem stated by a professor and the requirements for writing the essay. It is important to understand the difference between an analytical essay writing and summary or descriptive works. Summary or description is aimed at the representation of the particular object or issue including its main components and additional factors. On the contrary, the analytical essay is related to an examination or evaluation of the specific issue. What is more, the topic for the essay can be different including quite general or narrow issue to study. The structure of this essay can be different; it can include various aspects, a different number of paragraphs and arguments. In order to make a complex and accurate analysis, it is important to consider all related aspects of the issue and clearly represent it in the paper. Hence, the analytical essay is aimed at evaluation of a particular issue, event, situation, or case with a goal to analyze specific aspect or answer an academic question. How to Choose a Topic for the Essay? The topic of the essay in the majority of cases is provided by a professor, who requires specific work from students. The topic should be related to the sphere of the course and the issue that is interesting for a student to analyze. In addition, a professor can add some specific requirements to the work that should be followed by a student during the process of the essay writing. The other variant is choosing the topic by a student based only on his or her analytical interests. Despite a wide variety of topics, the theme should be connected with the course a student is studying. In order to choose an appropriate issue for studying, a student has to analyze the whole course and mark the aspect that is the most interesting for him or her to study. The topic should be up to date, corresponding to the requirements of a professor, and should be interesting for a student. There are different examples of topics that can be used for studying in the analytical essay: The Role of Parents in Children’s Upbringing. The Role of the Internet in the Lives of Modern Teenagers. It Is Hard to Imagine the Modern World Without Technologies. Interdependence of the Future of Science with IT Development. Should Government Invest More Money into the Preservation of Species Variety? Should Government Introduce Stricter Rules for Gun Control? The Position of the United States Regarding the Global Changes of Climate. Weighing Consequences of Brexit for the UK. Migration Crisis in the European Union and Its Reasons. The Issue of Capital Punishment in the System of the United States. As follows, the variety of topics provides students with an opportunity to choose a particular one that will be the most interesting and special for studying. The analytical essay can be written on the topic from different spheres including political science, technologies, society, economics, and finances. Pre-writing Tips from Our Academic Experts Determine the main idea of the paper. The majority of analytical topics do not include a specific position. As a result, it is necessary to mark several main ideas to study in the essay and state them in the thesis statement. It is necessary to create the plan of the essay, which will include a plan of main ideas and arguments. Such a method will help the student to follow one core opinion and develop it in the essay. There are several techniques that can simplify the creation of main ideas for an analytical essay: Brainstorming. It is a technique, which includes writing of random ideas on a shit of paper in order to create a strong basis for the essay. Brainstorming is an activator for students’ brains because it requires quick thinking and production of a big number of ideas. This method is useful because in the process of brainstorming various interesting analytical thoughts can appear. Freewriting. This method includes writing of the text that is based on students’ thoughts and opinions about an issue of analytics. It differs from the brainstorming because you need to write complete sentences with a defined structure. This technique is also useful for relaxing because using freewriting you can write out all your emotions and fears regarding the process of work. Analyze the audience. This aspect is essential because it shows the style in which the essay should be written. The audience may be interested in the partial analysis of the issue, comparison with some other specific aspect, or the definition of the issue in terms of a particular system. As a result, it is important to pay attention to the audience analysis or the analysis of the professor’s requirements to be successful in writing the essay. Find sources. Find sources for your essay before starting to write it. Accurately read all the articles, chapters of books, or other sources and define the most significant information. It will allow you to make the general idea of the studied issue, understand its aspects and see what information you have missed. Outline of the Essay Before writing the essay, a student can develop a plan of the text that will help to make the text well-structured. This plan will show a student the weak aspects that should be added with essential argumentation. The outline of the essay aims to simplify the writing process and may be required by a professor. The outline of the analytical essay can be as follows: Introduction: General information about the analyzed issue; The thesis statement at the end of the paragraph. Body part: First body paragraph: The first main idea of the essay; Supporting arguments; Conclusion. Second body paragraph: The second main idea of the essay; Supporting arguments; Conclusion. Third body paragraph: The third main idea of the essay; Supporting arguments; Conclusion. Conclusion: Restate the thesis statement; Summarize all ideas represented in the essay. The structure of an outline can differ depending on the number of body paragraphs and on the number of main ideas. Creating the outline is aimed at simplification of the essay writing because it makes a student limited in a structure and defined in a number of paragraphs. Hence, an outline is helpful for a student in writing the analytical essay because it helps to develop main statements and make the essay well-structured. Structure of the Essay and Its Main Components The analysis essay has a traditional structure as an academic essay. As follows, an analytical essay includes the introduction, several body paragraphs, and conclusion part. The number of body paragraphs depends on the issue of analysis and on the number of the main ideas the student wants to analyze in work. Title of the Essay Choosing a title for the essay can become a real challenge for a student because this aspect is extremely essential for the reader. An appropriate title can catch the audience’s attention and make a separate person interested in reading the essay or even making deeper research on the topic. There are several tips on how to choose a successful title for the analytical essay: Eye-catching collocation. The title should summarize the content of the essay and catch the attention of the reader. Students should include in the title both the main issue of studying and the controversy that analyzes regarding the issue. A student can use a question or a specific statement as a title in case it is allowed by requirements of the professor. Easy to read. The title should be simple to understand and read due to its role as a summary of the essay. Do not use complicated words, which can be hard to understand by an ordinary reader. Do not use a lot of words and make it simple to read and understand. Clear and accurate. It is necessary to make the title clear enough and accurate in order to simply represent the issue a reader is going to read. Remember that your title should not mislead a reader, and he or she should understand what the essay is about. Thesis Statement A thesis statement is a sentence or several sentences that represent the issue that will be analyzed in the paper. The thesis statement should shortly include all the represented ideas regarding the analysis. This part of the paper includes clearly represented thoughts or can even represent your opinion about the analyzed issue. Writing a thesis statement, you should be specific and accurate. Do not make it too long with a lot of unnecessary words. In addition, this sentence should be located at the end of an introductory paragraph and can be marked by a transitional word. Pay attention to the thesis statement because it helps readers to understand the general idea of the essay and decide whether it is interesting for him or her. Additionally, the thesis statement can introduce your command of the topic and your analytical skills. Post-writing Tips There are several analytical essay writing tips that will help a student to complete the essay and make it successful. In case a student adheres to the following tips, a professor will highly evaluate the essay. Editing the Essay Read the essay aloud several times. During reading your essay, you should focus on grammar, stylistics, spelling, content of the paper and make sure that the work follows the requirements. Take a break and relax after having written the essay. Then read it once more. As a result, you will experience the emotions and ideas an ordinary reader will get from your essay. Add all necessary aspects to improve the essay, divide too long sentences, or change the structure if needed. Editing the essay is aimed at improving the essay content and making it more understandable to a reader. Proofread the Essay Proofreading the essay is an essential stage of the task completing. At this stage you should check the grammar and if all words are appropriate for a context. You should use only official academic language avoiding idioms or phrasal verbs. As follows, read the essay attentively and correct all linguistic mistakes. What is more, pay attention to grammar and check if all tenses are used appropriately. In addition, it is important to eliminate the number of passive constructions and correct it in the essay during proofreading. Referencing the Essay References of the essay should be formatted according to the required format of the essay. There are different formats including MLA, APA, Chicago, or ASA. It is important to reference all used sources in accordance with the requirements of a specific essay format. In addition, the separate aspect is connected with in-text citations that mark the information in the text taken from other studies. In-text citations should be formatted as instructed by the professor and the format of the essay. It is important to use the citation in all cases in order to avoid plagiarism.

Performance & reward mgt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance & reward mgt - Essay Example It keeps the management aware of the importance of focusing on results rather than concentrating on whether the management or employees in an organization are busy. More over, it serves as a reminder of the fact that employee training, motivation and enthusiasm in the workplace are not sufficient for the accomplishment of organizational goals. In other words, Latham et al (2005) observes that results go beyond employee capacity and the level of satisfaction. They can be enthusiastic about their work, and the management may offer attractive packages that enhance satisfaction, but their output may not be satisfactory. This means that the organization may not be able to achieve the desired results. In order for an organization to accomplish its goals, it is important for it to have several operations taking place, such as classifying and giving priority to results, establishing the performance standards and the manner through which results need to be realized. Evaluation of progress is important while focusing on the results and also reviewing the manner in which they were accomplished (Facteau and Bartholomew 2001). Organizations use results as a measure for evaluating the performance of the business. A literature review concerning performance management is important in generating a better understanding of the concept. This paper describes a personal experience of performance management and analysis using concepts drawn from performance management literature. In many instances, organizational managers and overseers of organizational operations usually make a mistake of conceptualizing that the conduct of employees and the organizational operations are similar to the desired outcome. As Viswesvaran and Ones (2000) observe, employees within an organization may seem to be busy to a great extent, while in reality they do not add to the realization of organizational goals. Such cases are evident amongst employees

Technology as Symptom and Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Technology as Symptom and Dream - Essay Example And I do not feel as lonely as when I started getting out of my room. Yes, I have a family who, just like me, must be thinking about me, or other family members, about how we could placate the distance that kept us for days and months. "Through those thin wires which stretch from pole to pole outside my house, wires whose fragility is marked by their mobements in the wind generate an invisible electric web which knits together our entire globe, creating a 'global village' so that here on this island at night, when there is only the sound of the wind across the marsh and the startlight of the black sky, one can soften the isolation and believe that one is not alone." (p 1) Technology. How I appreciate the wonders it can do! Of erasing distance, and bridging time that heals. I know of many individuals who have been separated just like me from their loved ones and how difficult parting must have been. But as we all turn to the gifts human technology brought, departing is lightened up with the hope that at one point in time, I may connect with my loved ones, no matter how many miles set us apart from each other. Nevertheless, as distance may make the heart grow fonder, it has a haunting power that reminds us such as "ghosts come to visit us and perhaps, depending on one's turn of mind, to haunt us in our isolationtechnology can fill us with a false sense of understanding which robs us of the awe-ful experience which technology provides" (p 1) September The visit to the museum was one of the rare things I do. Except for school requirements, of which I had several museum visits, I have visited the place just once, or my first All tourists brochures (at least all those which I got hold of) boast of the museum, I dropped by after my meeting with a prospective business partner. There was a twisted, unglamorous and ugly sculpture I want to call a piece of distortion that reminds me of a Picasso painting. I abhor those stuffs some people have the temerity to call art at all. I heard somewhere, I don't know how reliable my source was --- Gucci an artist, but he sure did paint planets better than Picasso well, Gucci said that Picasso was like a social climber who befriended most of the elite in his time and sold them his products ugh! The distorted sculpture exorcised my irreverent thoughts, so personal, unfit for secondary viewing or reading about an artist much renowned, or maybe, respected. But I hate Picasso and his monstrous works, if there is a way that separates them. I am not sure his three-dimension style should be used as a reference at all for the development of space notions and astronauts. It just can't seem so. Maybe, I'd prefer Dali and his melting watches. "a Picasso canvas in which multiple perspectives appear simultaneously, the latter remains for us abstract and unreal while the former defines for us what is real and what is natural" (pp 32-33) September I stare at the image before me, and it stared back knowingly. My troubles are piling up, and the eyes that stared back at me reflect how insurmountable they seem to be. Would I make it through this school semester What if I won't Will my family be disappointed What about my standing in the institution where I work Would it take me back if I fail Or present them with so-so school rating I have been working like a zombie, a half-alive half-dead creature trying to blend, get accepted, or maybe, even appreciated where there seem to be nothing to appreciate at all

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS - Essay Example Relational exchanges are supported by more frequent communication activity. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world with more than 30,000 restaurants across the world (Sweney 2004). It operates in innumerable markets, in different countries and cities and thus caters to consumers with different cultures, backgrounds, languages and tastes. Thus its marketing communication plan is not standardised and needs tailoring for different markets. Previously McDonalds focused primarily on the US and thus the marketing communication was similar in all the regions as the market characteristics were the same. However, argue Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) as the US market saturated, challenges increased as McDonalds surged new markets abroad. Though the marketing mediums are similar in all the countries, however, as per Fill (2006), the extent to which communication medium is used depends upon the market exposure to that medium. As Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) explain, it realised that it could not appeal to all the countries together so it adopted the ‘brand globally, act locally’ strategy to communicate its messages. For instance according to Douglas, in China, the trend is that when consumers watch TV, the in-between advertisements between programs are generally ignored. Thus keeping this in mind, McDonalds thought that it was a waste to spend large sums of money on TV commercials and thus it concentrated on print m edia in China. At the same time, adds Cheung (2006) the few TV commercials it ran in the country featured more male kids than female, as it is a male dominated society. In East Asia, as Schultz and Philip (1999) exemplify, McDonalds concentrates on TV commercials and features children in them to optimise the results. To retain the attention of customers in the US, McDonalds employed the interactive method of advertising via television where the viewers could participate in a competition

Vietnamese Cuisine Essay

Vietnamese Cuisine Essay This paper shall look into the characteristics of Vietnamese cuisine, taking into account the countrys unique historical and social influences that have shaped their thinking and attitude towards food. Being a former colonial country in the Southeast Asia, Vietnam has been the context of various cultural and historical fusions (Dung and Linh 2007). The development of its cuisine from the earliest times bears the marks of new influences from other countries and tastes, helping to make a truly rich and unique collection of dishes that reflect the countrys history. As we have already noted, Vietnamese cuisine is unique for its cultural and historical influences. Vietnam is a long, narrow country on the lower portion of the Asian mainland, bordered by China, Cambodia, Laos and the Gulf of Thailand. The countrys geography has proven to be an important factor in shaping its cuisine and food production over the years. Because of the peculiar shape of their country, the natives tend to think of it as a bamboo pole with a basket of rice at each end. Geography has also lent specialties of each region a different flavour, because climate plays a big role in the availability of ingredients for different dishes. The northern cuisine is reflective of the countrys Chinese cooking heritage by specializing in dishes with soy sauce, noodle-based soups and stir-fried foods. Northern dishes are less flavourful than those found in the south or the middle portion of the country because its climate is not suitable for a large number of spices. Central Vietnam is abundant with fresh produce, and is characterized by its propensity to use extreme spices and to serve up colourful food that is reminiscent of the regions past as the seat of royalty. A traditional meal involves several complex dishes in very small portions. Finally, Southern cooking has been most heavily influenced by Thai food, such that their dishes are sweet or spicy in taste because it boasts of a climate that is suitable to a bigger number of spices. Immigrants from across the Cambodian border have also helped define the style and flavour of Southern Vietnamese cooking. This part of the country is also where the vestiges of French colonial cooking are most apparent. History, as we have already noted, plays an integral role in the development and fusion of Vietnamese food with other cultures. Almost ten centuries worth of Chinese domination in the country has left significant imprints in their cooking styles, as well as the particular dishes and the choice of ingredients. The French colonizers, on the other hand, influence the traditional Vietnamese menu by introducing various techniques of sautà ©ing. Vietnamese soups are also part of their French heritage. Other factors such as the socio-economic classes dictate on the availability of food products in the country, such that poorer people cannot afford to buy particular kinds of food because of higher prices. They are more likely to consume more rice and less meat and vegetable dishes, but this does not mean that they are enjoying their native cuisine less than the rich. The countrys dense population subsists mostly on carbohydrates in the form of rice, other grains and noodles. Vietnamese food is most popular for combining an array of vegetables, herbs and meats to come up with different meals (Dung and Linh 2007). Vietnamese cuisines usage of some some ingredients such as coconut and coconut milk is a characteristic that it shares with its Asian neighbours, but an authentic Vietnamese meal also boasts of culinary contributions from other countries, particularly China and France. It is also cooked using unique traditional styles that have been passed from generation to generation. Because of its propensity to use light ingredients and vegetables, Vietnamese food is one of the healthiest cuisines around the world today, which is a prime reason for why it is quickly becoming popular in a more health-conscious society. The diaspora of whole communities, coupled with the forces of globalization and capitalism, have also helped to propel Vietnamese cuisine to the forefront of the culinary world (Thomas 2004). Like other Asian countries, rice is a staple in the Vietnamese diet. It is grown in water paddies all around the country, but the climatic conditions at the Red River delta in the north and the Mekong river delta in the south are most favourable for this crop. Rice is the main source of carbohydrates (in the form of starch) in the peoples diet, eaten three times a day with a vegetable and/or meat main dish. Rice is also made into a variety of cakes, noodles, and desserts. Vietnam is currently the worlds third largest exporter of rice, and this commodity also holds a prime position in the countrys economy, apart from being a mainstay in the dining table. The country is still predominantly agriculture in nature, with a climate that can support a large variety of flora and fauna. Rice is usually consumed jointly by all the family members. The typical Vietnamese meal would include several main dishes, a soup and a bowl of rice for everyone. These are laid out on a table where the family members sit around and take their food from the dish platters with chopsticks-this is the only country in the Pacific and the Southeast Asian regions where people traditionally eat their meals with chopsticks. This habit is clearly one of the Chinese influences in Vietnamese cooking. The meal is usually not divided into courses and everything is served all at once. When the younger Vietnamese eat with their elders, they ask the latter to get their share of the food first as a sign of respect typical in the whole Asian region. Like the Chinese, traditional meals are also accompanied by a cup of tea, especially when there are guests around. The meal is not complete without vegetables on the side and a variety of small bowls filled with salty sauces in which the people dip their food. Vegetables are usually served as salads tossed in with beef or shrimp, in order to complement the strong flavour of the meaty main dish. The classic dip in these traditional family meals is a kind of salty fish sauce called nuoc mam. Apart from the land-grown rice, the countrys coastal and river areas provide another staple of the Vietnamese diet-fish and other aquatic species. The countrys two major rivers are an important source of seafood that help to balance the carbohydrate-rich diet of the locals. The rivers also serve as a way of transporting the goods to the local water markets, where fresh produce from the coastal villages are sold. In fact, seafood occupies a bigger portion in the Vietnamese diet than other meats such as pork, chicken or beef, which are usually consumed in smaller quantities. The Vietnamese cook their food in many ways, but unlike the Chinese, they prefer to keep the dish light by using as little oil as possible. While some viands are deep fried or stir fried, there are also a great number that are cooked by only boiling, tossing or steaming them. Vietnamese cooking is also not as rich or heavy as the curry-based dishes of Thailand, for example. The distinctive light and fresh flavour of the Vietnamese locals can be achieved by using a variety of spices and ingredients such as mint leaves, lemon grass, shrimp, native fish sauces, basi, garlic, and ginger. Cooking styles also vary from region to region, with the north preferring a lot of dishes that are slow-cooked or stir fried, whereas dishes in the south are mostly grilled or simply eaten raw. The Vietnamese are popular for being keen snackers, and they are rather fond of eating at street-side stalls or small shops specializing in a single dish, instead of the modern restaurants lining the streets in the cities. Their tradition of eating out is very strong even if most meals are cooked and eaten at home. The streets are filled with t sweet aroma of delicious snacks being cooked everywhere, because the Vietnamese are likely to stop anywhere and grab a bite whenever they feel hungry. Some of these roadside attractions are actually prestigious family restaurants that have been serving customers for many, many years. Tourists in Vietnam should, however, be a little wary of what they eat because of the presence of so many herbs and spices. People with allergies are especially susceptible because they may not know that the food they are eating contain an ingredient that they may be allergic to.

Corruption in India Essay

CORRUPTION ï‚ §Corruption is defined as the misuse of any power of public consequence for private gain. ï‚ §Corruption is not something new, as per Arthasastra of Kautilya ( around 3rd century B.C) : â€Å"Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey(or the poison) that finds itself at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up, atleast, a bit of the king’s revenue.† â€Å"Just as fish moving under water cannot possibly be found out either as drinking or not drinking water, so government servants employed in the government work cannot be found out (while) taking money( for themselves)† Major Scams in India Year 1976 1981 1987 1987 1991 1991 1992 1992 1994 1995 1996 1996 1996 2000 2001 2002 2006 2009 2009 2010 2012 Scam KUO OIL DEAL SCAM ANTHULAY TRUST (PAY OFF) HDW COMMISSION BOFORS SCAM TELGI SCAM JMM BRIBE SECURITY SCAM(HARSHAD MEHTA) INDIAN BANK RIP – OFF SUGAR IMPORT BHANSALI SCAM FODDER SCAM HAWALA SCAM UREA DEAL UTI SCAM MUTUAL FUND SCAM HOME TRADE SCAM IPO SCAM MADHU KODA SCAM SATYAM SCAM THE 2G SCAM (MOTHER OF ALL SCAMS) COAL ALLOCATION SCAM TOTAL AMOUNT Amount (In crore) 2.2 30 20 64 43000 0.3 4000 1300 650 1200 950 810 233 32 1350 600 61 4000 24000 1,76,000 1,85,591 4,43,894 Effect Of Corruption On Poor Brought Out By CMS-TII †¢With special focus on BPL household’s 2008 survey shows the following results. †¢About one third of the BPL families paid bribe in the last one year for one or more of the eleven public services covered in the study. †¢ This shows that even the poorest of the poor are not spared in their targeted programs. †¢The survey shows that about 3.4 % of people paid a bribe for a school education and 48% in the case of police service. †¢4% BPL households used contacts for PDS ,school education & electricity as they could not pay the bribe. †¢2% of the people could not get the above services sine they could not pay the bribe or had no contacts. Effects Of Corruption On The Poor BREAK UP OF BRIBES PAID FOR 11 BASIS SERVICES IN MILLION Services covered Public distribution system Hospital School education (up to class XII) Electricity Water supply National rural employment guarantee scheme Land record / registration Forest Housing Banking Police Total for 11 basic services of BPL families Total bribe paid in an year 450 870 120 1050 240 70 1240 240 1570 830 2150 8830 Source: TII-CMS India Corruption Study (2007) CPI – Corruption Perceptions Index-2012 ï‚ § As per the data for the year 2000 , India was in the 69th rank with CPI score of 2.8. ï‚ §As per Ratan Tata â€Å"Corruption has become worse after liberalization†¦Prior to 1991, corruption was in the form of granting licenses. Now, it’s replaced by the award of contracts and in changing the terms of contractual obligations.† Source: Transparency International 2012 CPI score. CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012 Source: Transparency International 2012 Corruption Stifles Economic Progress Agents Role In the Licensing System †¢Corruption leads in reduction in efficiency. †¢Corruption leads to wastage of public funds and Resources. ï‚ §Institutionalization of corruption. †¢Most prevalent form of corruption in India. Eg: Driving Licensing Process in most states. †¢Willingness to pay bribes. †¢Bounce back on the society. Source: February 2, 2008-Economic & Political Weekly. What Is The Root Cause Of Corruption ? †¢Traditional practise. †¢Government services being monopolistic in nature. †¢Lack of trans-parency. †¢Lack of efficient and review monitoring mechanism. †¢Issues with electoral process (funding). †¢ Corporate politician nexus-(State Capture). †¢Socio economic divide. †¢Lack of effective grievance redressal system. Major Demands Of The Team Anna and Kejriwal †¢All govt. servants under the jurisdiction (Including PM). †¢Election and removal be independent of the govt. authorities. †¢CBI’s corruption investigation agency shall be brought under the admin control. †¢Investigation procedure shall be in tune with the criminal investigation procedures. †¢Setting up of lokayuktas. †¢Provision for the citizen’s charter. †¢Effective grievances redressal forum. Earlier Movements Against Corruption: †¢1974 Navnirman movement of Gujarat. †¢Jayaprakash Narayan’s (JP) anti-corruption movement in Bihar of 1974-75 were both against corruption. †¢Other movements: †¢Farmers movements. †¢Dalit movement. †¢Womens Movement. †¢Environmental Movements. †¢RTI Movement. India Against Corruption Movement -How it Differed ? †¢Anna’s Image. †¢Political Vacuum at its peak. †¢Media coverage. †¢In the first phase it seemed completely detached from existing political establishment. †¢Second phase suggested a political alternative. †¢Pan Indian image. ADVANTAGES: †¢Gave a very strict dead line. †¢Proposed several use full amendments. †¢His is a political struggle backed by a moral struggle. †¢Attracted the Youth. †¢Advantages of formation of a political party : †¢Other parties tend to choose better candidates. †¢Other parties tend to give more freedom to the lower level workers. †¢Other parties tend to function more transparently. †¢Could be a failure in election. But politically success. DISADVANTAGES: †¢Less features to prevent corruption prospectively. †¢Based on the assumption that Lokpal will be full of honest and efficient people. Lessons From Karnataka Lokayukta Lessons learnt : ï‚ §Lokpal should have the power of a criminal court. ï‚ §Selection of right candidate . ï‚ §Including PM ministers and MPs under the jurisdiction of the bill. Recommendations by Hegde : ï‚ §Powers to implement recommendations of the Lokpal should be the authority of Lokpal rather than the government. ï‚ §Lokpal to have a separate police force for investigation. ï‚ §Lokpal to have the administrative control over CBI’s corruption investigation team. ï‚ §Making CVC answerable to Lokpal. WAYS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION †¢We need a complete overhaul (holistic approach). †¢Bottom up approach will not work (top officials are also corrupt). †¢We need a top down approach (bring all levels of officers under the jurisdiction of Lokpal). †¢Have faith in the citizens. Emphasis on decentralized the governance structures. †¢Better salaries. †¢Better discipline (accountability and other related aspects). †¢Better recruitment process (importance of Attitude, Aptitude, Ethics). †¢Better automation (Transparency and related aspects). †¢Political will/commitment. †¢Social norms/values should change. †¢Electoral reforms. Question & Answer Session