Maintaining Race and Ethnic Identity Essay Example for Free

Maintaining break away and Ethnic Identity EssayThe world we are living is very dynamic and exhibits various types of movements for twain plants and animals including humans. History insinuates that man practiced considerable movements from single place to an new(prenominal) since its first existence. This movement from one locality to another is referred to as migration. Migration can be 1) internal which is within the country, state or simple and maybe 2) international which crosses boundaries to other country, state or continent. With the development of technology and globalization, international migration continues to increase over the past decades. In 1960, there were 76 million international migrants and increased to 191 million international migrants in 2006. It was noted that a relatively high migration rate is from 1985 to 1990. Generally, ethnic identity diversifies according to the length of aloofness and therefore international migration increases the gap of con nectivity in relation to ethnicity. benevolent migration can be classified as permanent or semi-permanent depending on their reasons which maybe voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary migration is generally practiced in search for a greener pasture and satisfaction of ones preferences.This includes employment, climate, food supply, self development the like education, religion and family. Involuntary migration, on the other hand, includes migration due to calamity, political conditions like when in war or in exile, slave trades or human trafficking and ethnic cleansing. (Boyd, 2003) Refugees can eventually be immigrants. Based from gentleman Migration Guide of the National Geographic Society, A refugee is a person who is residing outside the country of his or her derivation due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. (What is benignant Migration? 2005) . This involuntary migration results to a hefty impact on self identity rather than voluntary migration. Human migration has taken a major participation in shaping and honing the present status of the population. It allows the diffusion and combine of the structures, cultures, beliefs, ideas, principles, religion, and other traits which results to the modification of each others traits. Rejection of the integration, however, sometimes results to conflict that may cause decline of socio-cultural capital and values.Although immigrants race to maintain their ethnic identity and cultures at home, the children of the second, third generation is common or comparable with generations of the soldiery country. This means that these generations are highly acculturated to the host community and country. Intentional or not intentional, this is in reception to their quest for belongingness. On the other hand, some immigrants give high regard to their culture which is linked to nationalism. nearly may even believe that there is n o other culture than theirs and fail to recognize cultures of other immigrants within the community.Some host countries like Western European nations and Japan are deeply stir about the effect of these immigrants on their culture and ethnic identity which can be compromised. Oftentimes, conflict such as racial discrimination exist and become the subject of debates. Different countries have their own policies regarding immigration. another(prenominal) countries begin to recognize immigrants with different race and cultures. They are respected in preserving their respective cultures and interact peacefully within one nation.This official policy is known as multiculturalism and can be seen in Canada, Australia and the U. K. It is in like manner called as the cultural mosaic of different ethnic groups. Nevertheless, immigrant groups are still encouraged to learn the row of the host country and participate in the activities of the major society including labor force. However, this policy gained many criticisms such as it divides the people even there is a need to be united on true social issues and justices. Debates on immigration law and racism are still on-going issues of every host country.

Health and Safety Assignment Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety Assignment show psyche 1The first statement is correct as consume is a highly intoxicate substance that crowd out ca physical exercise damage, especially in young electric shaverren. There atomic number 18 many symptoms to drag poisoning which acknowledge irritability, loss of appetite and nausea, headaches, unexplained abdominal pain, muscle aches, constipation, learning problems, short circumspection span, easily distracted, mental retardation and behaviour problems including aggression and impulsivity. As seen in the statement this is disturbing because it has been salutary established that top off causes reduction in IQ scores, shortened concentration spans, hyperactivity and learning difficulties even when lead is pre direct at very low levels in the bloodline , it post be agreed that having lead in unitarys system ass cause damage to ones concentration and learning abilities. Research has shown that raised levels of lead can lower a child s IQ by 4-5%.see moreexplain how to promote health and safety within the social billing settingWith regards to the second statement painted toys with high lead levels have been found in study toy stores, as well as supermarkets, stationary stores, craft shops and craft/flea markets. These toys were both locally produced and import, it can be agreed on as lead can be found in many old housing and furniture pieces. It is also of gr polish off urgency that when purchasing toys and furniture from service department sales, internet, second-hand-stores etc. that one takes precautions in checking that there is not any lead as some may contain lead ground paint, a simple way of knowing if it does is to buy a test kit to determine if lead based paint is present.Question 2For a baby and toddler unit I would considerIndoor* Non-breakable mirrors to learn to see themselves.* Wooden cars for improving gross take skills.* Rattles to ameliorate their movement.* Plastic telephones to practis e their speech.* Simple puzzles to remediate their knowledge.* Large wooden beads to string to improve on their hand eye co-ordination.Outdoor* Balls to improve on gross motor skills* Jungle gymnasium to improve on their climbing abilities.For children aged 3-6 old age I would considerIndoor* Puppets to improve on their dramatic skills.* Dress-up clothes to teach them the different type of career choices.* Art materials to improve their creative minds.* Books and puzzles to improve on their knowledge.Outdoor* Tricycles and bikes to improve their balancing skills.* Jungle gyms to improve climbing.* Sand pits to do sensory knowledge, (touch and feel)Question 3The way in which one would ensure that equipment which you purchased does not cause lead poisoning is by reading the labels on the purchased equipment making sure there is no lead contained in it, try hold back buying used toys and equipment from garage sales, internet, second-hand-stores as many old items may contain lead ba sed paint. It is also advised that children go for screening to grade sure no lead is present. Children are encourage to practice regular hand washing and to keep their hands and other objects away from their mouths.Question 4Birth 4 months at this stage the child eats, sleeps, cries rolls off flat surfaces and wriggles. They are unwarranted to burns, falls, perspicacious objects and suffocation.4 12 months at this stage the child grasps and moves around as well as set objects in their mouths. They are hazardous to burns, poisoning, falls and drowning.1 2 years at this stage the child is able to investigate, climb, open doors and takes thing apart. They are hazardous to being in contact with gates, windows and doors as they magnate get injured with their investigation minds, fingers might get stuck in door etc. also water supply is hazardous as they may drown, traffic as they now know how to walk.2 3 years at this stage the child is interested in fires, tires to do thin gs by themselves and gets very impatient. They are hazardous to dangerous objects and burns.3 6 years at this stage the child lies to explore, climb, riding tricycles, rough games. They are hazardous to poisons and burns, falls and injuries, drowning and traffic.6 10 years at this stage the child like consumption time away from property, active sports. They are hazardous to firearms, injuries from sports and drowning.Through this we can conclude that every one of these ages is vital as the developmental level can affect childrens safety and health and that they should never be left unsupervised and parents should know what to do in an emergency.Question 5Air-borne transmission involve in illnesses such as chickenpox, common cold, fifth disease, measles, mumps and tuberculosis. The measures one would take in these instances would be to identify the child with the illness and send them home, with antibiotics, the child should not be allowed to return to school until amply recov ered. All these illnesses and the limitations of the spread apply to all age groups ( descent to grade 3)The faecal-oral route include cholera, rotavirus and ascariasis, can be spread through water, food and poor sewage, to limit the infection one needs to make sure water is clean, food is cooked properly and sewage is flushed away. Food only obtains to children who can eat solid foods, thus not referring to birth to 12 months.Direct and indirect include illnesses such as pinkeye, hand foot and mouth disease, cold sores, lice and ring worms. The measures one would take in these instances would be pinkeye antibiotic treatment and sent home, continuous hand washing, hand foot and mouth disease sent home for several days and continuous hand washing. A cold sore child can stay at school but must was hands frequently. Lice, child should be sent home until lice is gone, hair must be washed with medicated shampoo. Ring worms, child should stay away from gyms, pools or activities where can be exposed and should use a fungal ointment. These limitations would all be considered to all age groups ( birth to grade 3 ) however gyms, pools etc would only obtain to the older children grade 1 3.Blood illnesses include AIDS and hepatitis B, the measures one would take for AIDS is excluding child of 0-5, and prevent anyone from touching the child blood, handle blood with surgical gloves, seal up blood infected items and disinfect surfaces with bleach.Hepatitis B one would also use precautions when handling blood and frequent hand wash is advised.REFERENCEMarotz, L, 2009. Health, safety and nutrition for the young child. 76de uitgawe. Clifton park, NY Thomason Delmar encyclopaedism

Cell phones how have they changed us socially Essay Example for Free

electric cell phones how fork out they changed us socially EssaySome pot might find it hard to believe that thither was once a time when cell phones werent around. Having to recall a time when letters were utilize to get messages back and forth from one person to another. Then slowly we added the addition of phones.In the root phones were just a way to contact people if they happend to be home when called. Then we invented cell phones. With them we toilette take a shit and receive calls in almost any location and we empennage send text messages . Cell phone use has increased in the past years because is really easy and economic to reach one. Year into year cell phones become better and better. Today , except making and receiveing calls and as well texting messages, we can do a lot of interesting things with them. For example we can listen to music, record voice notes, make video clips, play games, take pictures, access the internet and many other things.But at that pla ce is also a bad side of cell phones. They affected the way we socialize these days if you notice people are starting to text their friends and family instead if actually speaking verbally. Many adolescents and also older generations authorise more time sending text messages or chatting on Facebook than speaking You go out to dinner and look around and see people out with family but there is no conversations going on at the table mostly just huh yeah mmhm.., because they are busy texting someone not there on their phones. I feel human communicant is slowly disappearing among friends and family.You change surface see parents texting their kids when in the same house to discuss something with them. Our communication between each other is depending on a little electronic device. People use cell phones in public places, and during church. I have even seen ten-year olds walking across the street texting their friends instead of paying attention to the cars.

“The Wife of Bath’s Tale” by Geoffrey Chaucer and “The Flea” by John Donne Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Baths narration by Geoffrey Chaucer and The Flea by potty Donne EssayIn this paper I bequeath compare the tone-beginning to conjugal union in the works The Wife of Baths Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer and The Flea by John Donne in both(prenominal) cases it is a means to an end in the first the gaga fair sex wants to bring about the intimacy that most of all Women desire and in the second the sexual lover seeks How little which his lover (thou) deniest him (me) and uses an allusion to trades union to achieve this.In The Wife of Baths Tale the old woman seems to ask the ennoble a nave request there is no hint that what she will ask of him is to marry her rely me true that whatsoever I ask of you, youll do it if it lies whithin you might. After the knight re numbers to the queen, and the answer the old woman gave the knight is the one the queen looked for, the old womans intent becomes clear in advance the court I ask you, thus, sir knight, To take me, as you wife.The knight in shock tries to refuse, but as he has sworn upon his (my) honor he has no way out of the deal he close therefore, they get married. As married couples are due in the night of the wedding, the couple goes to slam to terminated the marriage. Here is when we learn what the old womans plan was.As they ballad in bed they old woman is waiting for the knight to act as a newlywed husband, but she whence realizes that the knights intentions were not the ones she hoped for You are so loathsome and so old as salubrious It is no wonder that I toss and turn.The wife tells her husband that he has two choices, and he is pleasant to choose what he best prefers, for she will do as he bids and never complain. The knight thinks carefully, and weighs his options, and then realizes that this choice should not be his My love and lady, my dear wife. In your wise government I flummox my life I am content, whatever pleases you.Now the old womans motive is clear, and she got the thi ng that most of all Women desire to have sovereignty above their husbands, and to have their way in love the choice is hers to do as she pleases, and what she wants is to please him, so she gives her husband everything he could have wanted.The decision she makes layabout be confusing since she denies herself the power she wanted after getting the choice, but the main point is that change surface so she was able to choose.In The Flea the man is not looking for marriage, he seeks only to consummate it. The allusion to marriage is use to undermine the importance of the act that comes after the wedding the bedding.The poem starts with the comparison between both lovers being bitten by a flea, and the lover thinks that the act of being bitten by a flea is less than the using up of marriage Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pampered swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas, is more than we would do. The fact that they were bitten by the identical flea means that they are as good as married.The lover tries to convince his mistress that what he wants is not sinful as she thinks since they are already married by the bite of the flea, so they may as well do what married couples do The flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is.The woman is not convinced by his words, and tries to kill the flea, but her lover tries to convince her that this flea is them, and their love and marriage, and if she kills the flea, not only the flea will die Three sins in killing three.After the flea is killed by his lover, he finds a way to turn around the situation for his benefit, and tells her that the fact that flea is dead only shows that nothing is as important as it seems therefore, why should not them lay together? She will lose as much as the flea lost which simply she thinks it is not a lot Tis true then learn how false fears be Just so much honor, when thou yieldst to me, will wasteIn this works the use of marriage although apply for alterna te purposes is given different meaning. In The Wife of Baths Tale, the old woman wants the thing that most of all Women desire, and is willing to do anything to get it in The Flea the lover wants to lay with his mistress, and will say anything to convince her, even that they are married after being bitten by a flea.The use of the marriage in both stories is done differently since the old woman lures the knight into marrying her, so that she can get what she want, and the lover tries to convince his mistress they are already married in a signified, so that he will able to bed her.One may well say save that in both cases marriage is a means of leverage, a tool to be best used as the authors see fit, in order to allow their characters achieve their aims whatever those aims might be. In these sense marriage gets a similar treatment in both stories.

The Art of Strategy Essay Example for Free

The Art of dodge EssayIntroductionThe ongoing debate on the supposition and translation of outline is as interest as the process of making the outline itself. This discussion happens probably beca white plague different constitutions (business entity, non-profit, governments, non-government, military, etc.) interpret schema differently, wizard musical arrangements might see it as a CEOs personal mission while otherwise perceives it as a tool to achieve the organisations collectively decided cultivations. One organisation sees it as a game excogitate while other defines it as a mass of pattern in a stream of non planned actions. Hofer and Schendel tried to give a comparison of some of the notable dodging definitions formulation as shown in Table 1. It nookie be acquirely see that although slightly different from ace another, at that place is some consistency as rise in it. In add-on, one think to note is the expression an organisation defines the concept of a dodge provide affects the focal point they formulate their strategies and the strategies resulted (Evered, 1983, p.60). Coming from this situation, this essay exit try to identify the concept of strategy using the war analogy to offer another status on what strategy is and the implications of the said perception.Figure 1. Hofer and Schendel comparison of various authors concepts of strategy and the strategy formulation process in the business management field (Everend, 1983, p. 60)The Art of WarIn this essay, I go forth use the resembling approach as James Brian Quinn (1996, pp.5-6), by using the history of the earth of Macedon to illustrate the essence of strategy from my point of view.Figure 2. The Kingdom of Macedon, from Wikipedia, Map Macedonia 336 BC-en, (2009)Philip II and Alexander trine of Macedon had real clear goals. They wanted to established their supremacy by conquer the other city- deposits in antediluvian Greek ara and put them under the Kingdom of Mac edon. Moreover, they also need capital of Greece troops to be in their in alliance to defeat Persian Empire. When the city of Amphissa did a sacred land violation, the Macedonians employ it as an opportunity to interfere. On their authority to punish Amphissa, they made a detour in Elatea and built a defence base. Follo fly this, Philip sent a peace offer to Thebes and Athens which got rejected by some(prenominal) brokeries and led to resort to battle. The Macedonians then made a scheme to prep ar themselves in winning the battle using their specific strengths in the new spear technology, their strong phalanxs formation, as well as the powerful cavalry. However, they knew that they were outnumbered and forget face the best ground soldiers in the world.Therefore, they decided to attack Thebes and Athens from Chaeronea which is lightly armed using their strongest units. They also split their force, Philip engaged the full force phalanxes to the right wing and Alexander comman ded the cavalry to the left wing. subsequently fought hard Philip deliberately withdrew his troops. The Athenians on the left followed which made them gaolbreak their army lines. After the enemys unity broke, Alexander attacked from the left side (the Theban lines). At the same time, Philips army then pressed forward and quickly scatter and defeat the enemy. After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander then occupied the other city-states unchallenged and declared it as a Hellenic Alliance. Later on the Hellenic Alliance will try to expand its authority to the Persian Empire.From the illustration above, several apparent points could be pointed out. The kings and his successors bossy strategy was to establish its dominance throughout the Greek land. In order to achieve it, they arranged a strategy which was to conquer all city-states and put them under the Kingdom of Macedons wing, either using peace offers or battles. Should the battles arise, they need to made tactics on the spot to win the battles, like the one they made in Chaeronea.So in this military context, the word strategy can be described as the veridical bursting charge of military force to achieve the policys (kings) objectives (Evered, 1983, p.63). This aligns with the literal meaning of the word itself, stratos (army) and past (leading)(Evered, 1983, p.58). Normally, strategy is made before the actual contacts with the enemy and when it is already in the battlefield situations, tactics will be made, as distinguished above.Grand strategy, system, and TacticsSimilar approach can also be applied to examine the concept of strategy in the management field. In my opinion, whatever organisation will need to stand a meretricious strategy, strategy, and tactics which will be describe below.Grand outlineAs an organisation tries to define the intention of their existence, they will have to consider several questions, such as Why are they here? What the key objectives are? Where is it goin g? What the organisation want to be in the upcoming? What are their values? The answers to these questions will set the tone to their organisations quest. It will lead them to determine their grand strategy, or in this case I would bear on it as the organisations mission, vision, and core values. gibe to Raynor (1998, p. 371), mission is a dictation of the organisations core competencies and values that will give the organisation characteristics that will allow it to perform successfully in a particular area. While vision is the state in the future that the organisation wants to achieve within the area defined already in the mission. This includes background signal up their objectives and goals. These components also famous to be categorized as strategic intent (Campbell Yeung, 1991, p.146 Phillips, 2011, p.928).Although some organisation might not have a specific explicit statement of their mission and vision (Ireland Hitt, 1992, p.36), the comparison of values and interest of the people within an organisation could accidently set an implicit mission and vision, which still could be considered as a grand strategy, like what happen in Lonely Planet company (Hubbard, et.al, 1996, pp.215-235).StrategyAfter an organisation be germs clear with who they are and the intention of their existence(mission), they know what their state of function in the future (vision), they have set their objectives and goals, now it is timefor them to determine their strategy to achieve it. Using the war analogy, the way I see a strategy is to treat it as a long term conception of an organisation that breaks down the big picture of grand strategy into smaller tangible milestones by sagaciousness the organisations position at the time the strategy was made.A clear comprehension of the organisations internal strengths and weakness as well as the external opportunities and threats will help the organisation decide the ideal respond to chance on and the best way of recognising it is by using Porters SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats) analysis (Phillips, 2011, p.928). Once the active responses are determine, it will hopefully achieve competitive expediency. According to Arnoldo Hax, the linkage between external and internal conditions and competitive advantage is very close in the strategy concept, he even put those together in one dimension in his redefinition of strategy concept (Hax, 1990, pp.35-36) whereas before he put those in two crystalise dimensions (Hax Majluf, 1988, pp.100-101).The benefit of having a strategy is to give the organisation a sense of unity, direction, and purpose, especially when it comes to the resources allocation as it will be to a greater extent direct and clear. The other benefit is to give the organisation the ability to have a logical system for differentiating managerial tasks in an organisation, especially the one that has many layered of organisational social organization (Hax, 1990, p.36). From this perspective, it is clear that in the grand strategy and strategy parts, the information processing and knowledge ordering use a top-down approach.TacticsOnce the strategy is being declared, the organisation then have to set the tactics to match the strategy or in this case I would also like to refer it as a set of programmes or courses of actions. Tactics defines the details of strategy especially the resources allocations part and it is more of a short-term plan compares to strategy which makes it more adjustable than strategy to facilitate the necessary changes that come in the future. Since the creation of tactics occurs in a more fooling basis with more high-powered activities, the information processing and knowledge ordering in this segment ideally use a florilegium of top-down and bottom-up approach. The reason why I think the mix approach is ideal was be elbow grease same as what happens innormal battlefields, the frontline soldiers sometime know the situation on the field better than the general.That way the input from them is valuable to decide the next tactics. Same as in an organisation, when it comes to daily running, the operational provide would have a better and detail insight then the Chief Executive Officer. Once the programmes are implemented, the organisation will have to see the result and compare it to the strategy and then again to the grand strategy. The similar cycle (mission, objectives, goals, strategies, plans, operations, results) also suggested by LD Phillips (2011, p.928).Combining these three elements together, I think the suitable agreeable of strategy to this point of view is the Process Strategy which can be define as the lead controls the process aspects of strategy, leaving the actual content of strategy to others strategies are again part deliberate (concerning process) and partly emergent (concerning content), and deliberately emergent (Mintzberg Quinn, 1996, p.13). By using this type of strategy, I think I p osition myself in between the two strategy mainstreams Porter and Mintzberg. Porter with his deliberate strategy concept is in line with my point of view of formulating a strategy. It has to be carefully crafted because it will control all unfavorable variables and activities in an organisation in a long run.However, as it is widely known, Porters concept on strategy has a flaw as well. It is accused to be too rigid, taking a long flowing of time to define, and not pliant for todays environment where the boundaries between industries are more fluid and the environment becomes less(prenominal) stable. Therefore, to accommodate this issue, I add the tactics element to it to give an option to the organisation to be more flexible. As already tell above, tactics are made to tackle the issue in the daily basis implementation and are more easily modified. Furthermore, I think it is appropriate to say that strategy, with the addition of tactics, is a living system rather than a static f ormula to be applied (Evered, 1983, p.61).Strategy as Plan (and Ploy)Coming from the illustration above, it is clear that my point of view about strategy aligns with Mintzbergs definition of strategy as plan. It has the two essential characteristics of plan which are made in advance of theactions to which they apply, and they are developed consciously and purposefully (Mintzberg, 1987, p.11 Mintzberg Quinn, 1996, p.10). Unlike the pattern definition that sees strategy as sporadic actions that are not intended but somehow consistent in behaviour, the way I set the strategy framework is to treat it as a clear and intended plan that is made to deal with a situation from the beginning (Mintzberg, 1987, pp.11-13 Mintzberg Quinn, 1996, pp.10-12). The interlock between strategy and tactics was noted by Mintzberg who stated that as a plan, a strategy can be a ploy too (Mintzberg Quinn, 1996, p.11).Similar social occasion also expressed by Rumelt in 1979 who stated that one persons or on e departments strategy can be a tactic to another division depending on where and when you sit (Mintzberg Quinn, 1996, p.13). The other thing that I would like to point out is Mintzbergs definition of strategy as perspective which he describes as an inseparable way of perceiving the world (Mintzberg, 1987, p. 16). This means strategy as a perspective could also be seen as an ideology or a collective mind in an organisation that can be an umbrella for the other definitions of strategy (plan, pattern, and position). Although this interrelating connection is acceptable, I personally would consider perspective as a part of a mission rather than a strategy.The ArgumentOne might argue that having a strategy is unnecessary and outdated for an organisation as it will restrain the organisation from being adaptive and flexible in a turbulent environment. To answer this question, I would like to use the Japanese competition style and practice in the 1970s and 1980s as illustrated by Michael Porter in one of his discussions (Porter, 1996, p.63). During this percentage point of time, most of the Japanese companies did not develop a rigid mission, vision, or a distinctive strategy. They did not have a certain plan and did not position themselves in a certain market. nearly of them copied and follow each others new development and being responsive to the markets demand by becoming all things to all customers. At first this style successfully made the operational process became effective as they did not need to spend time to formulate the strategy. However, over time it was destructive for the organisation itself. As the organisation did not have a clear direction of their quest, it had toconstantly change its orientations.As a result, not only the resources allocation needed to be repeatedly revised, it was also confusing the stakeholders. From the illustration above, it is clear that any kind of organisation will need to have a strategy to set direction for themselves a nd to outsmart competitors, or at least enable themselves to manoeuvre through threatening environment (Mintzberg(a), 1987, p.25). tear down if it refuse to have a strategy, an organisation has to have a grand strategy at the very least as quoted here by Chandler, one of the men who was behind the success of Sears Roebuck. He stated business is like a war in one respect- if its grand strategy is correct any number of tactical errors can be made and yet the enterprise proves successful (Mintzberg(a), 1987, p.25). The importance of strategy is also to help the organisation to be focus on its effort and coordination as well as providing consistency.ConclusionsUsing the war analogy and different range of viewpoints from several authors, I have drawn a conclusion of my own definition of strategy. A strategy is a set of guidelines that forge the resource allocations, other critical activities, and a set of tactics in an organisation intended to achieve its objectives and goals. By adding the element of tactics there, it becomes the advantage for the organisation that afraid of having a strategy because it can be too long vision and cannot facilitate the rapid growing and changes of the environment. This definition is versatile as it can be used in any types of organisation and can always be re-used and re-apply should one objective or goal has been achieved.However, the definition can be too broad for some organisation that again can cause confusion in understanding the concept of strategy. If this happen then I would like to address the statement in the beginning of essay that there is no certain and specific definition of strategy. It is very internal and depends on ones knowledge and interpretation which I personally think is the art of strategy.ReferencesAndrews, K. R. 1. (1980). The concept of corporate strategy. Homewood, trial R. D. Irwin. Evered, R. (1983). So what is strategy? Long Range Planning,16(3), 57-72 Hax, A. C. (1990). Redefining the concept of strategy and the strategy formation process. Strategy Leadership, 18(3), 34-39. Hax, A. C., Majluf, N. S. (1988). The concept of strategy and the strategy formation process. Interfaces, 18(3), 99-109. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileMap_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg Mintzberg, H and Quinn, J.B, The Strategy Process Concepts, Content, Cases, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper consign River, NJ, 1996 Phillips, L. (2011). What is strategy? Journal of the Operational Research Society, 62(5), 926-929. Porter, M. (1996). What is strategy?. BOULDER Harvard Business Review. 74(6), 61-78. Raynor, M. (1998). That vision thing Do we need it? Long Range Planning, 31(3), 368-376

Instructional strategies exam essay Essay Example for Free

instructional strategies exam essay EssayTeachers ar constantly challenged to ensure that teaching strategies employed in the manakinroom are appropriate the learn styles and experiences of the learners. As far as possible instructional strategies should be special to take into consideration the unique characteristics of individual learners and aim to discover the silk hat way forward when dealings with particular proposition instruction styles.Cooperative learning strategies are utilitarian in teaching learners who function best in learning sessions that take into concern their individual needs, interests and abilities as well as provide opportunities for fundamental interaction and watchword with and among early(a) learners. Constructivists take a crap long established that learning shagnot be separated from real-life experiences as both(prenominal) share a symbiotic relationship (Huang, 2002, p. 28). Bringing real-life daubs into the learning environment result facilitate and heighten learning while knowledge, skills and attitudes gained in learning provide opportunities for additional life experiences.Cooperative learning strategies have a great amount of flexibility in the classroom and make it possible for the teacher to in effect match learning style to teaching strategy. Cooperative learning strategies are therefore quite good-natured for braggy learners as there is a multiplicity of activities and toils that can be brought into any one learning experience to make learning not only effective alone meaningful. These strategies are overly useful in ensuring that learners have some amount of freedom and independence, as well as participate actively in their own learning.In a learning session using cooperative learning strategies individuals can be depute to interest roots at the beginning of the session. Interest groups are individuals who may share all the comparable background or viewpoint. Interest groups are assigned eithe r based on the finicky task to be covered in the lesson or based on previously defined characteristics such as favorite type of food, music, TV shows etcetera. This is simply to ensure that all learners feel a sensory faculty of belonging by macrocosm able to identify with at least one other person in the group and therefore all testament be motivated to actively participate in the lesson.Countless authors have pointed to the merits of using small groups as an effective teaching strategy to ensure union and involvement (see Slavin, 2000). At the beginning of the lesson students are presented with the objectives and given precise guidelines of what they will be required to do throughout the lesson. Each group, that would have been identified previously, is given a particular aspect of the lesson to report or focus on and even within the group each member is assigned a specific responsibility and, of course, made aware how his/her role fits into the group task and the general l esson.In this way students will be accountable, not only for their own learning but also for the learning of the rest of the members who will be dependent upon him/her to correctly complete what is required. Kounin is famous for stressing this concept of accountability in learning. He also argues that it is of the essence(p) to maintain the involvement of all students in all aspects of the lesson (as cited in Slavin, 2000, p. 373). Direct instruction a roach cannot be avoided in delivering lesson content depending on the material to be covered and may be essential in some cases.Thus in this setting direct instruction has its place but is supplemented with other strategies to ensure its effectiveness in meeting lesson objectives. To make a topic more meaningful and of speedy interest to the learners suggestions are gathered as to possible topics to explore, that can be aligned well with the overall curricular goals. By using the direct teaching method the teacher delivers the co ntent to the entire class but each group is at that time paying particular attention to the aspect that is about relevant to the task they had been previously assigned.Visual aids and demonstrations, as appropriate, are use to enhance the shock of the lesson. A PowerPoint presentation would be particularly attractive to learners incorporating computer graphics, animation and even sound so that learners are able to interact with the lesson on a variety of levels. An alternative to the direct teacher or a supplemental to it would be to invite an outside vocalizer to deliver the specified topic.This guest speaker system could be someone that the class nominates or someone that has expertise as well as being able to gain the interest and attention of the learners. Using either direct teaching, the PowerPoint or the guest speaker the group function is still maintained. At the end of these sessions groups meet to collaborate on completing the task assigned. In completing this task lear ners use problem solving skills to ensure that objectives are met. Working collaboratively group members have to explore alternatives for solving the problem or accomplishing the task that has been assigned.Included in the discussion is a decision on what aspect of the presentation is relevant or irrelevant to the task they have been assigned and the roughly appropriate way of organizing their work. They will also have to choose the most appropriate homunculus in which to present their information. Each group is required, whether as a part of the session or in a subsequent session, to present their task to the rest of the class. As a part of the task verbal description the teacher allows each group the flexibility of choosing whatever approach they feel will best be suited to presenting their information to the entire class.Role-play, simulation, demonstration, presentation or any other method could be choose by the learners based on their individual preference. Alternatively all groups could role-play their particular scenario. Role-playing can be used to develop problem solving skills and to assess how much and how well learning has occurred. There is still a considerable amount of flexibility in that the groups use their own styles and ideas to come up with an appropriate situation to depict the problem they were assigned to.All members of the group will be required to roll-play ensuring that group activities are not manipulated by a specific set of learners and so that some learners do not favor out. Feedback of course, in any learning context is essential. Peer evaluation in this situation is useful. A discussion can ensue after each group role-plays or presents. Other classmates give feedback on the same issues and present possible alternatives to the solution that was taken or discuss why the option taken was the most appropriate for the particular issue at hand.Additionally comments relevant to the lesson could also be made. Learners in the small- group and large-group context are therefore able to cooperatively learn from each other by sharing ideas and do suggestions. Evidently learners are given a lot of independence within the specific guidelines and a lot of self-directed learning takes place. All these are essential for learners to make the most out of learning sessions and are preferable to techniques that are teacher-centered rather than learner-centered.In this way learners are actively participating in learning not just being passive listeners and observers. Throughout the lesson the teacher plays the role of facilitator or guide but the learners are the ones actively involved in the learning experiences and thus they would reap much more benefit.References Huang, H. (2002). Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 27-37. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology Theory and Practice. (6th ed. ). Boston Allyn and Bacon.

History of U.S. in 400 Words Essay Example for Free

memoir of U.S. in 400 Words EssayI am very proud of my country because it was create on the foundation of freedom and has continued to support freedom for all of its citizens as well as helping to spread freedom throughout the world. First, America was founded by common people looking for a better way of life, one in which they were able to practice their religion and participate in how their settlements were governed. attached to their beliefs, America abateured eight years of war to gain their freedom. There were many hardships along the way disease, starvation, and excruciation but we hung in there and eventually beat the British, the most powerful nation at that time. Then, we did something take aback we made it a democracy, the first in the world. People thought it was crazy, this American experiment, but we proved it could work. unfortunately there was a problem brewing slavery It ended up causing a enormous civil war, the North pitted against the South. We got thr ough it and in the end the nation was reunited and freedom for all prevailed. Women smooth had some problems, though, and after nearly one hundred years of protesting they finally received the same rights as men as they got the right to vote. Our ideals of freedom were then tested outside our boundaries. We got involved in manhood War II as we helped to purge the world of the atrocities that the Nazis inflicted. We helped in the Korean and Vietnam Wars in their struggle for freedom and equality.After a long Cold War, we were successful in our efforts to get the Soviet Union to end communism and tear down the Berlin Wall. We also got involved in the First Gulf War as we worked to get the Iraqis out of Kuwait and restabilize the country. Then, on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and an airplane in route to Washington, D.C. and we again had to defend our freedom. We are continuing to help put an end to the senseless acts of terrorists along with teaching the people in Iraq and Afghanistan how to defend themselves against the Taliban. The United States of America is a world power, supporting the individual rights and freedom of people throughout the world. It stands for and supports liberty and justice for all, and that makes me incredibly proud.